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CICERO

AGAINST

CATILINE.'

FIRST ORATION

EDITED BY

J. E. WETHERELL,.B.A..

PRINCIPAL OF STRATHROY COLLEGIATE IKSTITUTB.

TORONTO :
W. J. GAGE & COMPANY.

1«86.

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada in the office of the
Minister of Agriculture, by W. J. Qaqs & Co., in the year 18S6.

PREFACE.

In one of Cicero's many confidential letters to his friend
Atticus he asks, ' ' What will Uistory say of me six hundred
years hence?" Thrice six hundred years have flown and his-
tory still vacillates between senseless censure and sycophan-
tish praise regarding Cicero the statesman : regarding Cicero
the orator the almost universal verdict is, .and has ever been,
— micat inter omnes velut biter ignes Luna mhiores. Every
succeeding generation acquiesces in the judgment of the pre-
ceding and adds the weight of its authority to the ever
accumulating glory of the illustrious Roman. Without the
charm of his living voice, without the subtle spell of his
urbanity and personal magnetism, Cicero still by the elo-
quence of the silent page holds undisputed sway in the

realms of oratory.

*******

The Catilinarian speeches have always been regarded with
peculiar favov, both on account of their intrinsic merit and
on account of the thrilling interest of the events that pro-
duced them. This little book contains the first of the four
speeches, — one of the prose selections to be read for the next
three years by candidates for University Matriculation, and
for Teachers' Certificates.

CONTENTS.

I. IXTRODrCTfON

II. Text

III. Notes

IV. Index of Proper Names

V. Examination Questions

VI. Vocabulary

1
17
33
36
39

INTEODUCTIOI^.

LIFE OF CICERO.

Marcus TuUius Cicero was born on the third day of January,
B.C. 106, at Arpinum, a toAvn of Latium. His family was of
equestrian rank. Marcus and his brother Quiutus received
the rudiments of their education in their father's house.
When Marcus was about fourteen years of age the brothers
were taken to Rome, and placed under the best teachers in
the capital. Among their instructors at this time was the
poet Archias. After assuming the toga virilis at sixteen
years, Marcus frequented the forum and heard all the great
orators of the day. It was at this period that he learned the
principles of Roman jurisprudence from Scaevola, the augur.

Cicero served as a soldier but once — in his ISth year, in
the Social War, under the father of Pompey^the great.
Thenceforth he devoted himself with wonderful assiduity to
the pursuit of his fa\'oi'ite studies. His masters in philosophy
were Phgedrus, the Epicurean; Diodotus, the Stoic; and
Philo, of the New Academy. Under, the Rhodian Molo he
cultivated his oratorical powers.

Cicero began to practise as an advocate at the age of 25.

His first extant speech was on behalf of P. Quintius. Two

years later ill-health sent him abroad. He spent six months

at Athena in the study of philosophy and rhetoric. From

V

VI INTRODUCTION.

Athens he passed to Asia Minor and Rhodes. After an ab-
sence of two years he returned to Rome with invigorated
health and ripened powers.

His oratorical success was immediate and signal, notwith-
standing the popularity of his gi-eat rival, Hortensius. In his
31st year he was elected quaestor. He spent the year of his
quaestorship in Sicily, where he gained the affections of the
provincials by hi? clemency and integrity. After his return
to Rome his forensic engagements occupied all his time for
four years. In the year 70 B.C. his career is marked by the
famous impeachment of Verres. In 69 B.C. he held the posi-
tion of cuiule aedile. He held the praetorship in 66 B.C., in
this year defending Cluentius and delivering the celebrated
speech in favor of the ilanilian Law. Two years later he
gained the supreme object of his ambition, and received the
consulship, with Antonius as colleague. He began the duties
of the office on the 1st of January, 6.3 B.C.

Up to this time Cicero had sided with the democratic party,
but his ingi'ained sympathies were with the aristocracy, and
he now openly deserted his old allies. In his consulship
Cicero, by his energy and watchfulness, crushed the formid-
able conspiracy of Catiline, and thus won for himself the
illustrious title of Pater }>atrice. Tlie summary execution of
the ringleaders of the plot was an unconstitutional act, which
laid the consul open to subsequent att-ack. Cicero had many
enemies, and even the popular party whose cause he had
deserted now began to turn against him. The most implac-
able of his foes was Clodius, a ilemagogue, whom he had
mortally offended by giving evidence against him in a trial
for sacrilege. In 58 B.C. Clodius, being tribune, introduced
a bill, aimed directly at Cicero, "interdicting from fire and
water any one who should be found to have put a Roman

INTRODUCTION. Vll

citizen to deatli untried. " Cicero anticipated the issue and
fled to Tiiessalonica. In his absence he was declared an
exile, and his town and country houses were plundered.
During his banishment of sixteen months he displayed un-
manly pusillanimity. As Livy says, "he faced none of his
calamities as a man should, except death." Meanwhile the
orator's friends at Rome had not forgotten him, and in Sept.,
57 B.C., he returned to his beloved city amid the tumultuous
acclamations of the assembled people.

Cicero had little to do with national affairs during the next
five years. In .52 B.C. he was sent to the East as governor
of Cicilia, where he exhibited unrivalled talents for adminis-
tration. On his return to Rome in 49 B.C. the civil war
between Csesar and Pompey had broken out. After much
hesitation he decided to join Pumpey in Greece. After the
battle of Pharsalia in 48 B.C. he returned to Italy, and was
generously pardoned by Ceesar. During the next four years
Cicero composed the greater part of his rhetorical and
philosophical productions.

The assassination of Ctesar on the Ides of March, 44 B.C.,
brought Cicero again before the public, this time as leader of
the republican party. With vehement invective he delivered
his Philippic orations against Antony. This proved his de-
struction. On the formation of the Second Triumvirate by
Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, Cicero's name was placed on
the fatal list of the proscribed. The evil news came to Cicero
at his Tusculan villa. At the entreaty of his brother he
endeavored to escape. The mj'rmidons of the triumvirs were
soon upon his track. With singular courage he met his tragic
fate. His severed head and hands were carried to Antony,
whose wife, Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, gloated with
demoniac delight upon the pallid face of the dead statesman,

INTRODUCTION.

and, with inhuman malevolence, pierced with her needle the
eloquent tongue of Rome's greatest orator. Thus, in 43 B.C.,
perished Cicero, and with him Roman eloquence.

CICERO'S OKATORY.

" Cicero was above all things an Orator. To be the greatest
orator of Rome, the equal of Demosthenes, was hi^ supreme
desire, and to it all other studies were made subservient.
Poetry, history, law, philosophy, were regarded by him only
as so many qualificatious without which an orator could not
be perfect. He could not conceive a great orator except as a
great man, nor a good oratov except as a good man."

' ' Some of his speeches are deliberative, others judicial, others
descriptive, others personal; and wliile in the two latter
classes his talents are nobly conspicuous, the first is as ill-
adapted as the second is pre-eminently suitable to his special
gifts. As a pleader for an accused person, Cicero cannot,

we may say coidd not, be surpassed

In invective, notwithstanding his splendid anger against

Catiline, he does not appear at his happiest

The truth is that his character was all sympathy

It was not his nature to feel anger long ; it evaporates

almost in the speaking No man who lived was

e\er moi'e foi'givirg He was pre-eminently.

fitted for the oratory of__panegyric. AiuT beyond doubt he
has succeeded in this difficult department better than any
other orator, ancient or modern. Whether he praises his
country, its religion, ita laws, its citizens, its senate, or its

INTRODUCTION. ix

indivirlual magistrates, he does it with enthusiasm, a splen-
dor, a geniality, and an inconceivable richness of felicitous
expression which makes us love tlie man as much as we
admire his genius."

"For deliberative eloquence it has been alreaily said that
Cicero was not well fitted, isince on great questions of state it
is not so much the orator's fire or even his arguments that |
move as the authority that attaches to his person. And in '
this lofty source of influence Cicero, was deficient. Cicero
was always applauded; men like Crassus, Pompey, or Caesar,
were followed."

"Even in his own special department of judicial eloquence,
Cicero's mind was not able to cope with the great principles

of law Without any firm basis of opinion he was

compelled to judge questions by the results whicli he could
foresee at the moment, and by the floating popular standard,
to which, as an advocate, he had naturally turned."

" In nothing is Cicero more nonspicuous than in his clear
and life-like descriptions. His portraits are photographic.

His power of description is equalled by the

readiness of his wit. Raillery, banter, sarcasm, jest, irony, —
light and grave, the whole artillery of wit, is always at his

command His chief faults are exaggeration,

vanity, and an inordinate love of words. The former is at
once a conscious rlietorical artifice, and an unconscious effect
of his vehement and excitable temperament, His vanity is
moi'e deplorable' ; and the only palliation it admits is the fact
that it is a defect which rarely goes with a bad heart. His
'wordiness is of all his faults the most seductive and the most
conspicuous, and procured for him, even in his life-time, the

epithet of Asiatic His wealth of illustration

chokes the idea, as creepers choke the forest tree."

t tNTRODUCTlON,

" Nevertheless, if we are to judge his oratory, by its effect
)n those for whom it was intended, and to whom it was ad-
iressed ;^ as the vehement, gorgeous, impassioned utterance
of an Italian speaking to Italians, his countrymen, whom he
knew, whom he charmed, whom he mastered ; we shall not
be able to refuse him a place as equal to the greatest of those
whose elociuence has swayed the destinies of the world."

— Cruttwell.

CICERO'S CHARACTER

" An Italian rather than a Roman, he possessed in a larger
degree than any of his contemporaries the perfervid Italian
temperament: excitable as a child, vain as a woman, eloquent
ard witty as an Athenian, living wholly in -the moment,
capable of the wildest exultation and the most abject despair,
susceptible without conscious insincerity to the atti'autious of
characters the most opposite to each other — he numbered
friends among witty debauchees like CcTelius, Epicurean art
connoisseurs like Atticus, litterateurs and statesmen like
Caesar, and Puritanic stoics like Cato and Brutus."

"The features in Cicero's character which appeal most
strongly to Christian sympathies are three in number : (1)
his humanity ; (2) hig^domestic affections ; (3) his intellectual
liicrustry. " ' — .— «

•'Against these virtues must be set off his.insincei-ity,
•>5|anity, and jealousy ; his insincerity ' almost shouts ' through-

mTRODUCTION. XI

out his speeches and letters, but it had excuses. From a
temperament naturally excitable, and passing in a moment
from extreme love to extreme hate, exaggerated language
comes not unnatm-ally : still less unnatural is it, if to this
temperament be added the training and instincts of a lawyer
and orator. The former completed the mischief for which
natural excitability paved the way. Of his egotism, vanity,
and jealousy it would not be difficult to find examples. "

"Here, then, is much to respect and much to despise in
Cicero."

— Prof. Hctto^"

CICERO'S WOKKS.

^A list of only the most important of Cicero's works is here
given.)

(A) Rhetorical AVorks.

1. De Oratore.

2. Brutus, or De Claris Oratoribus.

3. Ad M. Brutum Orator.

(B) PliiJosopliJcal Works.

1. Political plulosopliy.

[a) De Republica,

[b) De Legibus.

2. Moral philosophy.
(a) De Officiis.

(&J Cato Major, or De Senectute.

[c) Laelius, or De Amicitia.

1 INTBODUCTIOIT.

3. Speculative philosophy,
(a) The Academics.

(6) De Fiuibus Bonorum et Malorum.
(c) Tusculanae Disputationes.

4. Theology.

(a) De Natura Deorum.

(b) De Divinatioue.

(c) De Fato.

(C) Orations.

(a) Pro Quintio.

(b) Pro Sex. Eoscio.

(c) In Caecilium.

(d) lu Verrem — six speeches.

(e) Pro Fonteio.

(/) Pro Lege Manilia.

(g) Pro Cluentio.

(h) In Catilinam — four speeches,

(i) Pro Murena.

(.7) Pro Sulla.

(Aj Pro Arcliia.

(Z) Pro Caelio.

(w) In Pisonem.

(m) Pro Milone.

(o) Pro Marcello.

(p) Pro Ligario.

(g) Pro Deiotaro.

(r) Orationes Pbilippicae — fourteen speeches.

(D) Epistles,

(a) Ad Familiares.
(&) Ad Atticum.

(c) Ad Quintum Fratrem.

(d) Ad Brutum.

INTRODUCTION. XIU

CIVIL CHRONOLOGY OF CICERO'S TIMES.

B.C.

106. Birth of Cicero and Pompey,
102. Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Servile war in Sicily.
101. Battle of Campi Eaudii.
90. The Marsic or Social War.
88. End of the Social War. Civil War between Marius and

Sulla. Flight of Marius.
87. Sulla goes to Greece to conduct the Mithridatic War.

Marius and Cinna enter Eonie and slay their opponents.
86. Marius dies. Sulla defeats Archelaus.
84. Sulla concludes a peace with Mithridates.
83. Sulla returns to Italy and prosecutes the ■war against the

Marian faction. Second Mithridatic War.
82. Sulla victorioiis. He assumes the office of dictator.
78. Death of Sulla.
74. Third Mithridatic War begins.
73. Lucullus defeats Mithridates near Cyzicus. The war against

Spartacus.
72. Assassination of Sertorins.

71. The flight of Mithridates into Armenia. Spartacus defeated
and slain.

69. Tigranes defeated by Lucullus.
68. Pompey's War against the Pirates.

66. Pompey is entrusted with the Mithridatic War.

65. First conspiracy of Catiline.

63. Second conspiracy of Catiline, crashed by Cicero as consul.

70. Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus form the First Triumvirate-
58. Caesar's Gallic campaigns begin.

55. Caesars first expedition to Britain.

54. Caesar's second expedition to Britain.

53. Crassus defeated and slain by the Parthians.

XIV INTRODUCTION,

51. Caesar sutdues the Gauls.

49. Beginning oi the Civil TFa?- between Pompey and Caesar,
48. Battle of Pharsalia. Death of Pompey.
47. The Alexaiidrioe War. The Battle of Zela.
46. Battle of Thapsus.
45. Battle of Muuda.
44. Assassination of Caesar.

43. Octavianus, Antouius, and Lepidus form the Second Tri-
umvirate. Assassination of Cicero.

.o^)-;

M: TULLT CICERONIS

OEATIO

IN

L. CATILINAM
PRIMA.

I.

1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia
nostra? Quam diu etium furor iste tuus nos eludet ?
• Quern ad finem sese eifrenata jactabit audacia ? Nihilne
te nocturniiin praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil
tinior populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie
munitissimus hajiendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora
voltusque moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis 1
constrictam ja^Ti horum omnium scientia teneri conjura-
tionem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore
nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid condili
ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris ?

2. O tempera ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit
consul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam
in seiiatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, notat et
designat oculis ad caedem unum qaemque nostrum. Nos
autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si
istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina?

■^k.

b ^- -^

FIAs

I CICERO.

duci jussu consulis jam pridcni oportebat ; in ie conferri
pestem quam tu in nos [jam diu] machinaris. 3. An vero
vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maxrmua, Ti. Grac-
chum mediocriter labefactantem statam rei publicae pri-
vatus interfecit : Catilinam, orbera terrae caede atque
incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus?
Nam ilia nitnis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius
Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu sua
occidit. ■ Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica vir-
tus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum
quam acerbissimum hostem co^cerent. Haberaus senatus
consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest
rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hujus ordinis :
nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desunius. ^

n (J- ^ '•

4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul
( videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox
ii, nulla interce&sit : interfectus est propter quasdam sedi-
/' v^ tionum auspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissiaio patre, avo,
raajoribus ; occisus est cum liberis M. Ftilvius consularis,
Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus
est permissa res publica : num unum diem postea L.
Saturninum tribunum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem
[mors ac] rei publicae poena remorata est ? At nos vicesi-
mum jam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori-
tatis. Habemus enim hujusce modi senatus consultum,
verum inclusum in tabulis, tam(][uam in vagina recondi-
t>im, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te interfectum
esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad depoxien-

N

IN L. CATILINAM I. 3

dam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres con-
script'-, me esse clementera : cupio in tantis rei publicae
periculis me non dissolutum videi'i ; sed jam me ipse
inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. Castra sunt in Italia
contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata :
crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus ; eorum autem
castrorum imperatorem ducemque liostium intra moenia
atque adeo in senalu videmus, intestinam aliquam cotidie
perniciem rei publicae m ilientem. Si te jam, Catilina,
comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, erit verendum
mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius'a me, quam
quisquain crudelius factum es3e d*et|^. "Verum ego hoc,
quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa
noiidum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique inter ficiere,
cum jam nemo tarn improbus, tam perditus, tam tui simiiis
inveniri potei'it, qui id non jure factum esse fateatur. 6.
Quamdiu quisquain erit qui te defeudere audeat, vives ;
et vives ita ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oiJv
pressus, /ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. ;
Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut
adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient./

Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes,
si neque nox tenebris obscurarejcoetus nefarios, nee pri-
vata domus parietibus continere yoces conjurationis [tuae]
potest ? si inlustiTantur, si eruradunt omnia ? Muta jam
istam mentem : mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque in-
cendiorum. Teneris undique : luce sunt clariora nobis tua
consilia omnia, quae jam mecutn licet recognoscas. 7.
Meministine me ante diem xn. Kalendas Novembris

c^-

>J z:\

"2- '!!>••'-''' ^.y '.J (5a^

4 CICERO.

^/ _ i \ _

dieere in senatu, fore in armis certo die — qui dies futurus
esse* ante diem VI. Kal. Xovembris — 0. Mnnlium, audaeiae
satellitem atque administruin tuae ? Nam me fefellit,
Catilina, non modo res tinta, tarn atrox tamque incredi- \
bilis, verum — id quod multo magis est admirandura— dies ? I
Dixi ego idem in senatu caedetn te optiniatium contulisse
in ante diem v. KaJeudas Novembris, turn cum multi
principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam
tuorum consiliorum reprimendorura causa ptofugerunt.
Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea
diligentia circumclusum,'commovere te contra rem publi-
can! non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen
qui remansissemus caede, te contentum esse dicebas ?
8. Quid? cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus
occupaturura nocturno impetu esse confideres sensistine
illam coloniam meo jussu [meis] praesidiis custodiis vigilii^
esse munitam ? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas,
quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam plane-

que sentiam. , <^

J

IV.

Recognosoe tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem :
jam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam
te ad perniciem rei p ublicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse
inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae domum ;
convenisse eodem compluris ejusdom amer'tiae scelerisque
socica. Xura negare audea ? quid taces ? convincam^i
negas. A^ideo onim esse ,hic in senatu quosdam, qui
tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immorlalos ! ubinam gentium
sumus r in qua urbe vivimus ? i quam rem publicm habe-

IN L. CATILINAM I. 5

mus? Hie, hie sunt, ih nostro numero, patres conscripti,
in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui
de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque adeo
de orbis terraruin exitio cogitent. Hos ego video [consul]
et de republica sententiam rogo, et quo? ferro trucidari
oportebat, eos nonduin voce volnero. Fuisti igitur apud
Laecam ilia nocte, Catilin.i : distribu'sti- partis Italiae ;
statuisti quo quemque profidisci placeret ; delegisti quos
Romaerelinqueies, quos tecum educeres ; descripsisti urbia
partis ad incendia : confirmasti fce ipsum jam esse exitu-
rum;/dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod
ego vlveremj Reperti sunt duo equites Romaai qui te
ista cura libo^^rent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte pauIo ante lu-
cem me in meo lectulo interfect'uros ; esse pollicerentur.
10. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso,
comperi ; donaum meam majoribus praesidiis muni vi atque
6rmavi ; exclusi eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum
illi ipsi venrssent, quos ego jam multis ac sumiuis viris ad
me id temporis venturps esse praedixeram. i ^ _. j ,■ /■.

Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. Egre-
dere aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proficiscere.
Nimium diu te iraperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra de-
siderant. Educ tecum etiam oranis tuos ; si minus, quam
plurimos : purga urbem. Magno me metu iiberabis, dum
mode inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum ver-
jSari jam diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, non
sinam. 11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est, atque
huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis,

-yp-zW' ^'

J -^

Clbyty\^ 6

J^

CfCERO.

gratia, quod haac tarn taetrara, tam horribilem tamque
infestam rei publicae pestem totiena jam effugimus. Non
est saepiua in uuo homine summa saliis periclitanda rei
publicae. Qu'im dm mihi consuli designato, Catilina, in-
sidiatus ea, \ on publi'-o me praesidio, sed privata diligentia
defendi. Cum proximis comitiia consularibus me consulem
in campo et competitorea tuos interficere voluisti, com-
pressi conatus tuos nefarioa amicorum praesidio et copiis,
nullo tumultu publice concitato : deuique, quotienscum-
que me petiati, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam
perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae ease
conjunctam. 12. Nunc jam aperte rem publicam univer-
sam petis : templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam
omnium civium, Italiam [denique] totam ad exitiura ac
vastitatem vocas. Qua re, quoniam id quod est primum,
et quod hujas imperi disciplinaeque majorum propriura
est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severita- -A
tem lenius, et ad communem salutem utiiius. • Nam si te
interfici jussero, residebit in re publica reliqua conjurato*^'
rum man us. Sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris,''
exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa
sentina rei publicae.

13. Quid est, Catilina ? num dubitas id me imperante
facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebaa? Exire ex urbe
jubet consul hostem. Intorrogaa me, num in exailium ?
Non iubeo : sed, si me consulis, suadeo. /'

Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delec-
tare posait? in qua nemo est extra istara conjurationem

U^-'

^A.

IN L. CATILINAM I, 7

perditotum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non
oderit, Quae iiota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta
vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non
haeret in fania? quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a
manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit? '
Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum inlecebris in- '•
retisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum ' aut ad libidinem
facem praetulisti? 14. Quid vero? nuper cum mortei
superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domura vacuefecisses, j
nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ?\
quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac !
civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exatitisse aut non
vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum
tuarum, quas omnis impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties.
Ad ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum
tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpi- ■•
tudinem, sed ad sunlmam rem publicam atque ad omnium :
nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi
haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus,
cum scias horum esse neminem qui nesciat te pridie
Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in
comitio cum telo ?,, manum consulum et principum civitatis
interficiendorum causa paravisse ? sceleri ac furori tuo non
mentem aliquam aut timo em [tuum], sed fortunam populi
Romani obstitisse? Ac jam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt
aut obscura aut non multa commissa — quotient tu me de-
signatum, quotiens consulem interfi^6ere conatus es ! quot
ego tuas petiticniea, ita conjectaS ut vitari posse non"
viderentur, parva qupdam declinatione et (ut aiunt) cor-
pore eflfugi ! [Nihil agis,] nihil adsequeris, [nihil moliris,]

J i

8 CICERO.

neque tamen conari ac velle desis+is. 16, Quotiens tibi
jam extorta est i.'ta sica de raanibus ! quotiens vero ex-
cidit casu aliqno et elapsa est ! [Tamen ea carere diutius
non potes,] quae quidem quibus abs te mitiata sacris ac
devota sit ne-^cio, quod eaiU necesse putas esse in consulis
corpore defigeie. '' -^ j ^ ^-- ^ ' v'

Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim jam tecum
loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed
ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo
ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex
tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post hominum
memoriam contigit neniini, vocis exspectas contumeliam,
cum sis gravissimo judioio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid,

\quod adventu tuo \^^ subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? quod
oranes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caectem constituti
fuerunt, sifflul atque adsedisti, paitem istara subselliorum
ijudam atque iuanem reliquevunt, quo tandem animo tibi
rerendum putas? 17. Servi (mehercule) mei si me isto
pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnss cives tui, dorauni
meam reliiiquen'^lam putarem: tu tibi urbem non arbitraris .'

' et, si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tarn graviter atque

Moffensum viderem. cftrere me afpectu civium quam infestis
omnium ■ oculis conspici mallem. Tu, cum conscientia
scelerum tuoram agnoscas odium omnium jilstum et jam

\diu tibi debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensusque vol-
neras, eorura aspggtum praesenCiaoKnTe jHtare ? S\, te
parentes timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos uUa
ratione placare posses, tu (opinor) ab eorum oculis aliquo

IN L. CATrLINAM I. 9

concederes. Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens
omnium nostrum, odit ac metuifc, et jam diu te nihil judi-
cat nisi de parricidio suo^ Qogitare : liujus tu neque auc- (Aa
toritatem verebere, nep judicium sequere, nee vim ^Ck
pertimesces ? "VvL-C^e/V'^^'''^ /^

/4^j^l8. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic |git, et quodam mopt6
tacita loquitur : ' Nullum jam aliquot annis facinu3'''ex-
cc.^,,,^^ stitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te : tjbi utii mul-
torum civium nec^s, tibi vexatio direpti.oque sociorum
impunita fuit ac lijjera; bj non soli m ad neglegendas
leges et quaestiones, vflrmn etiam ad evertendas perfrin-
gendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda
non fuerunt, tonMF, ut potui, tuli : nunc^vero me totam
esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit Catili-
nam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse y

quod a tuo scelere abliorreat, non estfferendum. Qaara
ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe : si est i
verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando / -
tiinere desinam. ' • i' -

vin.

19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne im-
petrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? Qaid,
quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? quod vitandae sus-
pitionis causa, ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ?
a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut
domTTireae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque' id
responsum tulisses, me nullo modo pusse isdem parietibus
tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod isdem
moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti:

(JJ-

10 cicEEO. ■■; J

a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virurn optimum, M.
Marcelluni demigrasti ; quera tu viddjcet et ad custodien-
dum {te] auigeiitissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum
et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam
longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abease debere,
qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit 1 20. Quae cum
ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si eraori aequo animo non potes.
abire in aliquas terras, et vitara istam, multis suppliciis
justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare?

'Refer' inquis 'adsenatum:' id enim pDstulas, et, si
hicoido placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtempera-
turum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a
meis moribus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de
te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina jTibera rem pub-
licam metu ; in exsilium, si hanc vocera exspectas, pro-
ficiscere. Quid est, Catilina ? ecquid attendis ? ecquid
animadvertis horiim silentiura ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid
exspectas auctoritatem loquenUum, quorum voluntatera
tacitox'um perspicis ^ 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti
optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro M. Marcello dixissem,
jam mihi consuli, hoc ipso in templo, senatus jure optimo
vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum
quiescunt, probant : cum patiuntur, decernunt : cum
tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, — quorum tibi auctori-
tas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, — sed etiam illi equites
Romanij^honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortis-
simi cives, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et fre-
quentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante
exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus
ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae

i

JH^

IN L. CATILINAM I. 11

vastare jam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas
prosequantur,.^'' J^^^r^w- /

/^^,/.X,4 IX. "^>luK^

22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res frangat ? '"j^
tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut uUam fugam raeditere ? jy»^«-^''^-^
tu ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem di ' /- -^
immortales duint ! tametsi video, si mea voce perterritus; " '
ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas in-
vidiae nobis — si niinua in "praesens tempus, recenti
memoria sceleruiii tuorum, at in posteritatem — impen-
deat : sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas,
et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis *

tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut tem-
poribus rei publicae cedas, non, est postulandum. Neque
enira is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudiue
aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. 23.
Quam ob rem, ut saepe j'am dixi, proficiscere ; ac, si mihi
inimico (ut praedicas) tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta
perge in exsilium : vix ferara setraonea hominum si. id Z^^
feceris ; vix molem istius invidiae, fei in exsilium jussu /^ , j
consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem s6rvire meae laudi
et gloriae'^inavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum
manu : confer te ad Manlium, concitar perditos x civis,
secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio
jatrocinio, ut a me non ejoctus ad alienos^ aed invitatus
ad tuo3_isse videaris^;^ dU/'., ' '" ' ^^''t '■

24. Qaamquam quid ego te invitfem, a quo jam sciara^
esse praemissos qui tibi ad Fortrfh Aurelium praestola-
rentur - armati ? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum
Manlio diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteara quam

,_>«.

(^

I

12 CICERO.

tibi ac tuia omnibus confido pemiciosam ac funestam
futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum con-
stitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere
diutius possis^ quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens sole-
bas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiara dexteram ad
necem civium transtulisti ? .-,*--*a

25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista tua
cupiclitas efTrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi
haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup-
tatem. Ad banc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas
exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo
otium, sed ne bellum quidera nisi netarium concupisti.
Nanctus es ex perditis atqQe ab omni non modo fortuna
vernm etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum.
26. Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gaudiis exsul-
tabis ! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tan to
numero tuorum neque audiea virum bonum quemquam
neque videbis ! Ad hujus vitae studium meditati illi sunt
qui feruntur labores tui, — jacere humi non solum ad ob-
sidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad faoiniis obeundum ;
vigilare iKm solum insidiantem somno maritoruni, verum
etiam bonis otiosorura. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam
praeclaram patientiara famis/frigoris, inopiae rerum om-
nium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. y
27 Tautum profeci turn, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut
exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicara
posses, atque ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum,
latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
/. .

IN L. CATILINAM I. ^ 13 ~

XI.

Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope justam
patriae querimouiam detester ac deprecer, percipite,-
quaeso, diligeiiter quae dicam, efc ea penitus animis vestris
mentibusq^ue maadate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae
raihi vita nii^a multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnia
res publica, loquatur : ' M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum,
quem esse hostem comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum
vides, quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium
sentis, auctoi*em sceleris, principem conjiirationis, evoca- ,

torem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut <y'*'^|
abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse

videatur ? Non hunc in vincula duci,' non ad mortem -.

rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis ?_^8. Quid
tandem te impedit ? Mosne majorum ? At persaepe etiam
privati in hac re publica perniciosos civis morte multa-
verunt. An leges, quae de civium Rumanorura supplicio
rogatae sunt ?""~~:^taumquam in hac urbe qui a re publica
defecerunt civium ju^^^uerunt. An invidiam posteri-
tatis times ? PraecfHH vero populo Romano refers
grati^jm, qui te horainfem per te cognitum, nulla com-
mendatione majorum, tarn n^ature ad summum imperium
per omnis honorum gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut
alicujus periculi metum saWitei^ civium tuorum neglegis.
29. Sed si quis est invidiae Setps, num est vehementius
severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac jie-
quitiae pertimescenda 1 An cum bello vaflabitur Italia,
vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimaa
invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? '

(L-

14 ' OICEKO.

XII.

His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum
hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca re-
' spondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicaiem, patres

conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usurara horae
gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si
summi et clarissimi viri Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci
et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non
contaminarunt, sed etiara honestarunt, certe verendura
mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto in-
_/ vidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi

^ maxime impenderet, tameo. hoc animo fui semper, ut in-

vidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
30. Quamquam non nuUi sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea
quae imminent non videanfc, aut ea quae vident dissirau-.
y lent : qui spem Catilinae -mollibus sententiis aluerunt,

' cohjurationemque nascentem non credendo corrobora-

verunt : quorum auctoritatem secuti multi non solum
improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertis-
sem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc
intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra per-
venerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat con-
jurationem esse factain, neminem tam improbum qui non
fateatur. Hoc auiem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei
publicae pestem p;iulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum
l'*^ comprimi posse. Qu id si se ejecerit, secumque suos
eduxerit, et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos
adgregarit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec
tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac
semen malorum omnium.

,.j i^ bwv . L

6^€r

IN L. CATILINAM I.

\-c^i>-*iy XIII.

31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, iii his periculis
conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto
omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas
- in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto /^
■ latrocinio iste unus toUetur, videbimur fortasse ad breve
quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati ; periculum
autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque
in visceribus rei publicae. Ut sa€pe homines aegri morbo
gi'avi,' cum aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam
biberint, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius
vehementiusque adflictjintur; sic hie morbus, qui est in
re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis
vivis ingi'avescet. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, secernant
se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique
[id] (quod saepe jam dixi) disceinantur a nobis : desinant
insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris
urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad
inflammandam urbem comparare :_sit denique inscriptum
in fronte unius cuj usque quid de re puTalica sentiat. Pol-
liceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantaxn-innobis^ con-
sulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem,
tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus
bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia pate-
facta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis.

33. Hisce ominibus, Oatilina, cum summa rei publicae
salute, cum tua pe^e ac pernicie, cum(2ue eorum exitio
qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, pro-
ficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, Juppiter,
qui isdera quibus haec urbs auspiciis [a Romulo] cs con-

ur- ^/t/^/T).^

16 CICERO.

stitutus, quem Statorem hujus urbis atque iniperi vere
nomiuamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis ceterisque templis,
a tectis urbis ac moeiiibus, a vita fortunisque civium
[omnium] arcebis, et homines bonorum inimicos, hostis
patriae, latrones Italiae, sceleiuin foedere inter se ac
nefaria societate conjunctos, aeteniis suppliciis vivos
mortuosque lu.ictabid.

THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.

Lucius Sergius Catilina was a man of noble birth, but of
the most vicious character. From his earliest youth he took
pleasure in vice and crime: He was daring and cunning ;
covetous, and yet prodigal ; violent in his passions ; immoder-
ately ambitious. He was always a terror to constituted
authority, but his want of practical sagacitj' saved the state
on cnore than one occasion. He first came into notice as a
zealous and cruel partizan of Sulla. He held the office of
praetor in B.C. 68. He was governor of Africa in B.C. 67.
He was a candidate for the consulship for the year 65,
but he was disqualified by an impeachment for oppression in
his government of Afi'ica. Thereupon he formed a project
with Piso and Autronius to murder the consuls Torquatus
and Cotta in the Capitol on the 1st of January. This scheme
miscarried, as Catiline himself gave the signal prematurely
before a sufficient number of his associates had assembled.
He was not disheartened by the failure, but at once set to
work to organize a moi-e extensive conspiracy. This second
plot was tlie famous Conspiracy of Catiline.

There were at this time many men in Rome, especially
among the younger nobility, who had lost their fortunes, and
to whom was welcome any change that m.ight relieve their
desperate condition. Among these were some of seuatorian
rank, — P. Cornelius Lentalus," P. Autronius, L. Cassius
Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. Sulla and S. Sulla (nephews of.
the dictator), L. Vargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca,
L. Pestia, Q. Cui-ius. The equestrian order was represented
17

18 THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.

by M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, C.
Cornelius. The purpose of Catiline's new scheme was to
overturn the government and to make himself supreme.
The time seemed opportune. The regular 'armies of Italy
were abroad. Pompey was at a distance. The senate was
in a state of careless security. Sulla's veteran soldiers who
had wastqd their possessions in wanton luxury were eager for
another civil war. By promising to some an absolution of
their debts, to others the death of their enemies, to others
abundance of plunder, Catiline made himself strong. He
determined to make use of the consulship as a stepping-stone
to power. He intrigued to have a confederate of his — C.
Antonius —elected as his colleague. After an exciting canvass
Cicero was elected by a large majority with Antonius as
associate. Catiline's fury was great. He exerted himself
more than ever in the prosecution of his secret designs. He
levied troops in various parts of Italy. He established a
camp near Faesulae in Etruria under Manlius, one of Sulla's
veterans, a bold and experienced officer. Meanwhile Cicero
was apprised of all the details of the conspiiacy as soon as
they were formed. The indiscreet and almost indifferent Q.
Curius, one of the conspirators, made a confidante' of his
mistress, Fulvia, and she could not withhold her secret infor-
mation from the consul.

The senate so long irresolute was at length roused to
action. Cicero and his colleague were granted absolute
power by the passing of the decree " thatlthe consuls should
take care that the republic received no harm." In B. C. 63
Catiline offered himself again for the consulship of tlie fol-
lowing year. Through the exertions of Cicero he was agkin
defeated. He then determined on an immediate outbreak.
The conspirators mot on Nov. 6th at the house of M. Laeoa

SYNOPSIS. l^t

to mature their plans. Catiline was to put himself at the
head of the troops in Etruria. Lentulus, Cas3iu8, and Cethe-
gus were to manage the arrangements in the city. Rome was
to be tired in several places, and all the foes of the conspira-
tbrs were to bo massacred. The prelude to the carnival of
blood was to be the murder of Cicero in his bed in tlie early
morning by Vargunteius and Cornelius ; but this part of the
plot was frustrated through the agency of Fulvia.' On the
8th of November Cicero called the senators together in the
temple of Jupiter Stator in the Capitol, where the senate met
only in times of public peril. Catiline had the effrontery to
attend this meeting. Cicero, filled with indignation at the
presence of the arch-plotter, broke out in extemporaneous
invective against him and disclosed the whole course of the
villain's treason. This I'emarkable speech, one of the most
notable and vigorous of Cicero's many splendid productions,
was afterwards written down by the consular orator in its
present form.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORATION.

PROPOSITIO.

I. The orator inveighs against Catiline on account of his
obstinacy, his audacity, his follj'. He deplores the
age and its principles. He proves by the examples
of T. Gracchus and Maelius that plotters should be
slain.
II. Other examples, — C. Gracchus, Fulvius, Saturninus,
Servilius. He accuses himself of remissness and
criminality in allowing Catiline to live. But he is
to live for a while only, and under surveillance.
The senatorial decree is to be suspended uitil the
conspirator's guilt is acknowledged by all.

20

III. He exhorts Catiline to change his purpose. He cites

proofs of Catiline's guilt.

IV. He confounds the traitor by disclosing all the details

of his nefarious plans.

V. He orders Catiline to depart from the city and to join
. his confederates. The plots against tlie consul have
been thwarted : now the state is attacked.
VI. All good men fear and hate Catiline on account of the
baseness of his private life and the infamy of his
public career.
VII. The conduct of the senators on Catiline's appearance
in the assembly. Catiline's country pleads with
him to depart.
VIII. The senate by its silence approves the exhortation to
depart. The Roman Knights and other citizens
surrounding the senate are anxious for Catiline's
departure.
IX. Catiline is to depart, and to bring unpopularity upon
Cicero if he chooses. He will depart, since he has
made all arrangements for so doing.
X. Catiline's natural baseness and evil courses. His
defeat as a candidate for the consulship has made
him from a conspirator into a public enemy.

PERORATIO.

XI. The state remonstrates against the leniency of the
consul.
XII. It is better to drive Catiline into exile, for then the
conspiracy will be brought to a head. His immedi-
ate death would only allay the evil for a short time.
XIII. The orator beseeches the senators to allow the con-
spirators to depart, and he implores Jupiter to ward
oti' the threatened calamities and to punish th-^ f-^Q-
of the state.

NOTES.

I

Q,ao nsqiie, 'How long, pray, wilt thou abuse our patience?

Q,ueiu ad fiueiii : this is almost equivalent to quam cliu and
quo usque.

Praesidimii Palati : the Palatine was the most central of
the seven hills of Rome and was one of the strongest positions
in the city. On the present occasion it was guarded to prevent
its being seized by the conspirators.

Trace the history of our word ^palace' back to Palatium.

Urbis -vigiliae : whenever tiiere was alarm or disturbance in
the city the senate instructed the inferior magistr ites to guard
the various streets with armed forces.

Hie munitlssimus etc. The senate usually met in the
Curia Hostilia, but in exigencies like the present it was con-
vened in some strongly fortified or consecrated place. The place
referred to here was the temple of Jupiter Stator in the Capitol.
Some locate this temple at tlie foot of the Palatine.

Ora volt tisque : is this a case of hcndiadys ?

Coustrictaiii feiieri: literally, ' is held firmly grasped.'

Proxiina: Nov. 7th. Superiore : Nov. 6th.

Public! consili particep-i, 'a sharer in the public delibera-
tions.'

Fortes viri : ironical.

Satis faceie rei ptiblicae, ' to do our duty to the republic'

Jnssn coiisulis : about three weeks before this, on Oct. 21st
fhe senate had armed the consuls with special powers by the
formal decree issued in times of peril : Videant consules ne quid
respublica detrimenti capiat. Under this decree Catiline
might have been put to death.

21

22 NOTES.

An vero, etc. This form of question is really the double
question with the first part omitted, — ,'(am I wrong) or, indeed,
did that very illustrious man,' etc.

P. Scipio : for the historical references consult in the Index
of Proper Names the articles on Scipio, Gracchus, Ahala,
Maelius.

Privatus: the of&ce of fontifex 7naximus was not a magis-
tracy. Perhaps, moreover, Scipio had not yet been made ponti-
fex.

Nam ilia, etc, ' for I pass over those more ancient instances
such as how,' etc.

Novis rebus studentem, ' plotting revolution.'

Fuit, luit : epizeuxis.

Seiiiitiis coiisultiini : the decree mentioned above giving the
consuls absolute power.

Velienieiis et grave : vehemens refers to its effect on Cati-
line ; grave, to the powers it gave the consuls.

Coiisiiles : who was Cicero's colleague ?

II.

Decrevit: decretum emphasizes the purport of the consul-
turn.

I.. Opiininsi for historical allusions in this chapter consult
Index of Proper Names.

Q,uas<lani suspUiones ; notice the very mild language of
the orator in reference to the Gracchi : cf. mediocriter in Cha.p.*'
I.

Clarissinio patre : his father had been consul and had en-
joyed triumphs.

Avo: Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter
of Scipio Africanus who defeated Hannibal.

Mors ac : Barker suggests viortem and changes the preceding
accusatives to genitives. The difBculty with the present read-
ing is in making num poeiui remorata est mean ' did punish-
ment fail to overtake ?'

NOTES. 23

Vicesimum diem ; strictly, the 19th.

Convenit : perfect tense.

Patres conscript! : what is the origin of this phrase ?

Castra sunt, etc., referring to the camp of Manhus.in the
mountain-defiles near Faesulae in Etruria.

Imperatorem : Catiline.

Atqiie adeo, ' yea even.'

Credo, etc. A difficult sentence — ' I shall not, I dare say
have to fear lest all good men assert that I have done this too
late ' etc.

The meaning is — ' of course I shall be charged with cruelty
rather than with dilatoriness.'

Carta fie caiisa : See Chap. XII. There the orator tells us
that he feared that Catiline would be regarded as an iniured
man if he were punished too early, and that the conspiracy
would not be crushed by the death of Catiline alone.

Interficiere : another reading is interficiam te.

Tui similis : the genitive of internal resemblance.

Miiltorum ; chiefly Fulvia.

Feceriint : this verb does duty for the perfect tenses of the
verbs that follow. Compare the same use of the English verb

' to do.'

III.

Privata domns : the house of Laeca.

Inlustrantur ; this verb and eruinpiint refer to tenebris and
parietibus respectively.

Q,iiae. . . .recognoscas; according to the Latin conception
licet has for subject the clause quae jam mecum recognoscas.
Licet frequently introduces a subjunctive of concession, but the
present expression is not concessive.

Ante diem etc. This peculiar construction may be explained
thus : — originally its form was die duodecimo ante Kalendas :
then by a transposition of arite it became a7ite die duodecimo
Kalendas : then the position of ante led to the corruption, a7ite
diem duodecimwin Kalendas. In dates, therefore, the xjhrase

24 NOTES.

ante diem (a.d.) with an ordinal is followed by an accusative like
.a preposition, and the whole phrase itself may he governed by
another preposition, as below, in ante diem etc.

Thp dates of the chapter are, in their order, Oct. 21st, Oct.
27th, Oct. 28th, Nov. 1st.

C. Manliuin : subject of fore.

Ego idfin ; idem (maso.) is best rendered, ' also.'

Miilti principes: many of the principal men had lelt the
city because they feared death at the hands of Catiline. Crassus
had received a threatening letter advising him to depart.

S»ii coiiservjiiidi : various explanations of this construction
have been given. (1) " With the gen. of pers. pronouns — mei
tui, sui — the participle ends ',in-di without reference to number
or gender." (2) " The gerund usually governs the same case as
the verb, but sometimes by virtue of.its substantive nature it
governs the gen., especially the gen. of pers. pronouns, — m,ei, tui,
sui."' (3) "The gen. of the gerund is used, like a noun, with
the gen. of an object agreeing neither in gender nor in number;
here sui is really the gen. sinir. neut. of suvs."

Cunt tn etc., ' Mhen you said that althcfngh ,the others had
departed you would nevertheless be satisfied with the slaughte'^'
of us who had remained.'

:nfostra qui : the antecedent of qui is contained in nostra,

Praeneste; this was one of the strongest fortresses in Italy
and would have been of incalculable use to Catiline in the war.

Seusistine ; notice that here the enclitic ne has its original
negative force.

Coloiiinm: it was one of Sulla's military colonies.

Pracsidiis etc.: praesidiis, on the walls; cusiodiis^ at tlie
gates ; vigiliis, the night-watch.

IViliU agis, etc. An eft-quoted example of climax,

IV.
Noctem lllam: Jj^ov- Cth, called below priore node.
T:-'t: '".-'jaiios, 'into the street of the scythe-makers.'

NOTES. 25

In seiiatii.qnosdani : the names of eleven senators are given.

Gentium : partitive genitive with ubinatn.

Kostro onininm : a genitive may be used in apposition with
a possessive.

Atqiie adeo, ' and indeed,'

Distribuisti etc. Sallust tells us that Manlius was to go to
Paesulae, Septimius to the Picene territory, C. Julius to Apulia.

Delegisti etc. Lentulus was to manage affairs in the city;
Statilius and Gabinius were to start the conflagration; Cethegus
was to kill Cicero.

DixUti pail In 111 etc., ' you told them that even then you had
a little cause of delay.'

Duo equites : Cornelius and Vargunteius.

Patil'j unte luceni: distinguished Remans held their levees
and received their clients early in the morning. The assassins
were to visit Cicero at this time.

Coinperi : the information came from Curius through the
agency of Fulvia.

Salutatuni : tlie supine with a verb of motion to denote pur-
pose.

Id temporis : id, adverbial ace; temporis, partitive genitive.

V.
Manliana castra : in Etruria.

Si milium, etc., 'if not all, as many as possible.'

Noil feriini, etc. Authon makes feram refer to the orator as
a man ; pafiar, as ^a citizen; siiiani, as a magistrate. It is
more likely oi-atorical tautology.

Jovi Statori. This temple is said to have been erected to
Jupiter Stator by Romulus in accordance with a vow made at
the time of a severe engagement ^between the Romans and the
Sabines. Jupiter was invoked at a critical juncture by the
Romans and the god interposed and stayed their flight {Siaior,
sto.)

In lino homine : the orator refers to himself.

26 NOTES.

Consali designato. The consular elections usually took
place in July or August. The uewly-elected magisti-ates were
called consules clesignati uuiil they were installed on Jan. 1st
The electious this year, on account of the disturbed state of the
city, were postponed till Oct. 22nd.

In cainpo : the consular electious were held in the Campus
MartiuS'

Competitores; Silanus and Murena were elected.

Nunc jam, ' new at length.'

Id quod est priuiuni. 'that which first suggests itself,' —
capital punishment.

Hujus impeii: (1) 'this government;' (2) 'this consular
office;' (3) ' thi3 supreme power;' conferred on the consuls by
the special decree.

Sentina rei publicae, ' foul political rabble.' Anthon takes
rei publico e as a, dative with perniciosa.

Nuni in exsiliuin. The special decree gave Cicero power to
send Ca'iiline into exile, but many would have regarded such
action as a tyrannical abuse of the excpptional authority.
What is meant by ignis et aquae interdictio 1

VI.

Domesticae tui-pitudinis : he had murdered his brother
and his son.

Privatavuui rernni : this probably refers to his private life
out of his family.

Haeret in fania : the old reading haeret infamiae is doubt-
ful Latin.

Facinus : a bold, daring ieei; fiagitium, a wicked, disgrace-
ful action.

\ovis nuptiis. Catiline is said to have poisoned liis first
wife and to have murdered his son by a former marriage in order
to remove all obstacles in the way of his union with Aurelia
Orestilla.

Incredibili "celere : this probably refers to the murder of

NOIES. 27

his son mentioned above. Several editors make the alhision
refer to CatiUue's infamous relations with an illegitimate
daugliter of his.

Tiiiiti faciiirti-is imma^^itas, ' a crime of such enormity.'

Proxiniis Idibiis : Nov. 13th. Money was lent and called
in and interest paid on the Kalends and Ides of every month.
In March, July, October, and May
The Ides were on the 15th day.
In other months the Ides fell on the 13th.

DiffiGiiitateiu : financial difficulties.

Pridie KaleMclas etc. The 31st of Dec. 66 B.C. The new
consuls, Cotta and Torquatus, were installed on Jan. 1st, 65 B.C.
It was the intention of Catiline to murder the new magistrates
at their inauguration. The plot was divulged and the arrange-
ments were postponed till Feb. 5th. Catiline's precipitation led
to the failure of the second attempt.

Lepido et Tu!I<>: consuls for 66 B.C.

Cum t.elo ; it was unlawful to carry a weapon into the
comitiwm, ihe forum, or the senate-house.

Noit ineutviii aliquani, ' no change of purpose.'

IVeqiie eiiiia etc., 'for neither are thy deeds obscure nor are
they few in number.' Some editions have post coinniissa,
'deeds subsequently committed.'

Petit lones : this word and declinatio are gladiatorial terms.
In the Second Speech the orator styles Catiline, ' that gladiator.'

Q,uae quidein etc., ' I know not indeed by what sacred rites
it has been consecrated and devoted by thee that thou should'st
think it necessary to plunge it in the body of the consul.'

VII.

Q,iiae nulla, < none of which:' "Numbers and words of
quantity including the whole of anything take a case in agree-
ment and not the partitive genitive."

IVecessariis : used of any intimate private relationship and
not confined to relatives alone.

28 NOTES.

^nid, €j\nn\=quid dicam de hoc quod.

Ista subsellia etc., ' tfiose seafs near you were left empty."
When Catiline entered the assembly he was leeeived ia silence
and the senators abandoned the benche? near him.

Nndani atqiie inaiiem : one of Cicero's doublets.

Servi : account for the odd position.

Isto pacto, 'so much.'

Urbeiu : why accusative ?

Injuria, 'unjustly' — au adverb.

Aliqiio, ' some whither,' ' somewhere ' — an adverb.

Odi< : wb it is the tense ?

Tacita : referring to patria. Observe the oxjimorott in tacifa
loquitur.

Civium nctes: during the proscriptions of Sulla.

Socioi-iiiit. Catiline, in 67 B.C., wa? propraetor in Africa,
where he wa'^ guilty of the most oppressive extortion. On his
return to Rome he was impeached for mal-adminis' ration, but
he escaped by bribing his accuser, Clodius, and by corrupting
the very judges.

Me totam etc. Me represents pairia, so totam is feminine.
These three infinite phrases constitute the subject of est fereii-
dum.

Q,iiieqiiid iucrepiiprit, 'whatever noise may have been
made ' = ' at the least noise.'

VIII.

In cnstortiam : when a Eoraan was under suspicion, in order
to make the public believe hiin innocent he would pli^e himself
in the custody of some distingiiislud citizen until his guilt or
innocence was judicially proven.

Ad me venire nuses es : the most irnpident of Cati.iue's
numberless audacious acts.

Q,ui. . . .essem : subjunctive, as qui = ciim eqo.

Viruni optimum : ironical. So witli vidf.licet

NOTES. 29

\

Emoi-i : the common reading is morari.

Id qiiod abhorret etc. Cicero was averse to harsh meastires.
He knew that Catiline would be certninly condemned if the
matter were formally referred to the senate.
Hnitc voceiii ; the word exsiliu-m,

P. Sfstio: Cicero had occasion subsequently to defend both of
these men. In B.C. 56 was delivered the oration Pro Seatio ;
and in B.C. 46 the Pro Marcello, — which was rather a speech of
thanks to Caesar than a defence;

This Marcellus must not be confounded with the man of the
same name mentioned above.

Vim et muuus, ' violent hands : ' apparently a case of hen-
Uiadys.

Cum taceiit, clamant: a species of oxymoron.

Q,uoi'>iiit -t-ilissima. Catiline pretended that he respected

the ai^thority of the senate while at the same time he was
plotting the destruction of many individual members of that
body.

Q,iii circtimsfant senatum. A guard of Eoman Knights
surrounded the temple of Jupiter Stator to prevent an expected
attack of the conspirators.

- Voce* : the patriotic shouts and the clamorous invectives of
the excited citizens assembled.

Eosdein facile etc., 'I ghall easily induce these same men
to escort you even to the gates if you leave these scenes which
you have long been eager to lay waste.'

When a man went into voluntary exile it was customary for
his friends to accompany him to the city gates. Catiline is to
lie escorted into exile bj' a crowd of his foes glad at their deliver-
ance.

IX.
Vt nlla res frangat : supply with Anthon sperandumne
sit fore.

Doint ; archaic form of dent. This form is used in solemn or
in tumic language.

30 NOTES.

/

The verb with utinam is present, as the wish Is conceived

tis possible.

Si niiiins, ' if not.'

Sed est taiiti, 'but it is worth the "while;'— tanti, genitive
of value.

Privata sit: the patriotic orator, to save his country, is wil-
linjj that calamity should fall upou his own head.

Recta: supply via.

Seijnoiies : censr.res.

Meae laudi: Cicero says that he will endure public odium if
Catiline goes into exile : that he will acquire renown if Catiline
goes to Manlius.

Liatrociiiio: o])posed to jws^wjre helium. •

Forum Aureliuin : the word Forujn — market-place — was
applied to the rural market-towns where the praetor held court.
This town was on the Auielian Way about 50 miles from Rome.

Pactani clieni : why is dies fern, here?

Aquilani : ii,, is said that Marius had used this eagle in the
Cimbrian War. Catiline in the city mnde his soldiers swear by
it; and on the battle-field he him^ielf feil beside it.

The silver eagle was the main standard of the Roman legion.
As it was reverenced by the soldiers, the orator aptly gives it a
sacrarium at the house of Catiline.

Til ut ilia etc. We may follow Anthon again and supplv

creclendumne sit fore.

X.

Haec reii. Some editors make this refer to Catiline's de.
pavture into exile ; while others, with more force, apply it to
Catiline's efforts ag.iinst his country.

]Von ino?N> otium, ' to say nothing about leisure.'

All omni etc. Ah governs fortnna and spe, the whole com-
pound phrase depending on der?.iictis.

Ciiiiflatam : a metaphor from molten metal.

Ad liujas,.«uf, 'for the zealous pursuit o! such a life as this
tho«o lal ors of yours, as they are called, have been engaged in.'

NOTES. 31

Bonis otiosorum ; the common reading is occisorum, refer-
ring to these slain during the proscriptions of Sulla.

Habes ubi etc., ' you have an excellent opportunity of show-
ing.'

A consulatn jeppiilJ : Catiline had missed the consulship
mainly through the exertions of Cicero.

Exsiil: observe the paronomasia or play on the words exsul
and consul.

xi.

Q,uerinioiiiam : regarding his want of energy, or his ill-
advised clemency, „

Detesier ac clepiecer, 'to remove by earnest protest and
solemn disavowal.'

Evoratorem : a technical term for the public officer who was
sent in times of emergency to summon for active service the
emeriti and the military colonists.

Mosne inajornm : notice the three grounds of "excuse that
are here brushed aside : — (1) mos viajorum, (2) leges, (3) invidia
posteritatis.

At, ' well, but.'

Etiain privati ; Scipio Nasica, for example.

Ah leges : the Lex Porcia enjoined that no one should bind,
scourge, or kill a' Eoman citizen ; the iea; Sempronia ordained
that sentence of deatli should not be passed on a Eomati citizen
without the order of the people. •

Rogatae sunt. Eogare legem strictly means 'to ask the
people about the passing of a bill ' {rogatio). Here the phrase
must mean ' to enact a law.'

Praeclaruin : ironical.

Per te cognitiini. Cicero often referred with pride to the
fact that he was a, nevus homo, i.e., one whose ancestors had
not held any curule office in the state.

Tarn mature. Another frequent boast of the orator's was

32 NOTES.

that tie had ohtained the principal offices of state in the
earliest possible year. The years fixed by the Lex Annalis for
the different positions were: ffir thequaestorship, 31st. ; for the
aedileship, 37tli. ; for the praetorship, 40th. ; for the consulship.
43i-d.

Coiiflagraiui-um : notice the force of the prefix, ' burn up.'

XII.

Vocibus; et connects vocibus with meiitibus. Mentihus here
means ' secret thouglits. '

Ktenini, ' and (I say eo) for.'

Slaxinie, * as much as you please.' '

Tainen Uoc etc., 'still I have always bee» of such a disposition
as to regard odium gained by manly action as glory not odium.

Regie, 'tyrannically.' Bex and its derivatives acquired this
taint from the detestable oppression of the last Eoman King,
Tarquiuius Superbus.

In perpetuuiM, ' for ever.'

Tain adalta pestiii : the full-grown conspiracy.

XIII.

Jarn eliii : for three years.

Nescio quo pacto, ' in some manner.'

Eviipit : a metaphor from a bursting ulcer.

Ijiiti-ocinio : latrones, — abstract for concrete.

In visceribus, ' in the vital parts.'

Aestu febrique, «» with a raging fever ' — hendiadys.

Praetoris urbaui : this officer administered justice in the
city. The revolutionists had more than once by open intimida-
tion tried to efiect a miscarriage of justice.

Patefac^a etc.: the words go in pairs, — 'made plain and
clear, checked and punished,'

Jiippiter: in this sentence the god and his temple are identi-
fied.

Arcebis: future, for mild imperative.

INDEX

or

PROPER NAMES.

Aliala : Caius Sei'vilius Ahala, the masterjof the horse during
the dictatorship of Cincinnatiis. He slew Spniius Maelius in
the forum because the latter, having been accused of aiming at
'^egal power, refused to appear hefo];e the dictator.

Aurelins, a, iim, adj. Aureliun. The town of Forum Aure-
Hum was on the Aurelia Via in Etruria.

Catilina, ae, m. The early part of Catiline's career has
been already described. After he was driven from Eonie by the
eloquence of Cicero he joined Manlius in Etruria. In the battle
fought near Fistoria ajrainst the republican troops Catiline's
forces were routed and he himself fell fighting bravely.

Etvuria, a.e, f. A district of Italy lying north and west of
the Tiber. ~

Flaccus : Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, a friend of the Gracchi,
was consul in 125 B.C. He was one of the triumvirs charged
with the execution of the agrarian law of Tib. Gracchus. In 121
he lost his life along with C. Gracchus.

Pnlviiis: see Flaccus.

Gi-iiccliiis: (1) Tiberius Sewproniits Gracchus, the son of
Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. (2) Cuius:
Sovfironi) s Gracchus, hrother of No. 1. The Gracchi made it
their inain object to ameliorate the condition of the Roman poor.
Their attempts at agrarian reform cost them their lives. The
elder brother was slain in a conflict between his followers and a
party of nobles under Scipio Nasica. Caius was slain a few
years later in an affray with the consul Opimius.
33

34 INUEX OF PROPER NAMES.

Italin, ae. f. Italy,

Janu:ii-in$, a, iiiii, adj. [from Janus].
Mensis Januarius, the month of January.

Jniipiter, .fovU, m. Jupiter, the King of the gods.

Kalendne, arum, f. pi. The first day of the Eomfin month.

Laeca : Marcus Porcius Laeca, one of Catiline's fellow-con-
spirators.

Lepiclns : Manius Lepidus, consul with Tullus in C6, the ycr.r
in which Cioero.was praetor.

Maelius: Spurius MaeHus, a distinguished plebeian knight
Wio in the great famine at Eome in 440 B.C. bought np corn in
Etruria and sold it to the poor at a- low price. This exposed
him to the hatred of the ruling clsss and he was accused of aim.
ing at regal power and slain, at the command of the dictator
Cincinnatus, by Ahala.

nianlici^: Caius i\/n?^Z^^/s, one of Catiline's accomplices. He
levied troops for Catiline in the country districts and established
a camp in Etruria. He commanded the right wing of the rebel
forces in the final contest near Pistoria.

Maiilianus, a, urn, adj. Of MaiiHus.

Marcelliis : (1) Marcus Marccllus, an accomplice of Cati-
line's ; (2) Marcus Claudius Marcellus, an intimate friend of
Cicero. He was consul In 51. He was a staunch republican
and a bitter enemy of Caesar. After the battle of Pharsalia he
went into voluntary exile. He was pardoned by Caesar two
years later on the intercession of the senate. Cicero returned
thanks to Caesar in the oration Pro Marcello.

niiirius: Cains Marius, the illustrious Roman commander,
the conqueror of Jngurtha and of the Teutoues and Cimbri. He
was seven times consul.

nietellus: Quintus Caecilius Metcllus Celer, praetor in 63,
the year of Cicero's consulship; He was sent by the consul to
raise an army, against Catiline in the Gallic and Picene ten-i-
tories. He was consul in 69.
Voveini)iis, e, adj. Of November.

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 85

Opiniins: Lucius Opiinius, Ja Eoman nobleman who as
consul crushed C. Gracchus.

Pulutiuiu, i, n. [root pa in j.asco\ One of the seven hills of
Rome.

Piaeneste, i>, n. and f., now, Palestrina a city of Latium
ahout 20 miles s.e. of Rome.

Koina, ae, f. Borne.

Romaiius, a, urn, adj. Eoman.

Roniiiliis, i, m. EOmuliis the founder and the first King of
Rome, called Quiriruts after death.

Saturiiiiiiis : Lvcius Safuriiuius, the celebrated demagogue,
a violent partisan of Marius. In the year ICO Marius was consul,
Glaucia was praetor, and Saturninus was tiibune. Toward the
close of this year there was a struggle between Glaucia and the
upright Memmius for the consulship. Memmius was murdered
by Saturninus and Glaucia, whom the senate straightway
declared public enemies. They took refuge in the Capitol, but
being driven therefrom they were pelted to death by the mob in
the senaie-house.

Scipio: Puhlius Cornelius Scipio Naslca, chiefly known as
the leader of the senate in the murder of Tib. Gracchus.

Sei-vilius: Caius ServUius Gfaucia, praetor 100 B.C., the
principal supporter of Saturninus. [See Saturninus above]

Seslins: Puhlius /ScsttMS, quaestor B.C. 63. He was tribune
in 57 and took an active part in securing Cicero's recall from
banishment. Several years later Cicero defended his friend
from a malicious attack in one of his longest speeches Pro Sestic.

Tullins: Marcus Tullius Cicero..

Tnllws : the colleague of Lepidus in the consulship of 66 B.C.

Valfi-iiis : Lucius Valerius Flaccus, consul in 100 with C.
Marius. Flaccus was put to death by^Fimbria in Asia in the
Mithridatic war.

.>

X^^.*^ 'AJ-JL*'^ ^

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.

[From Toronto University Examination Papers.)

1. Give dates of Cicero's birth aud death.

2. Mention some of the principal events in Cicero's life, and
the dates of the years in which he held tac several magis-
tjracies.

3. What other celebrated Roman orators ? Give dates.

4. Wliat were the circumstances of Cicero's banishment
and recall ?

5. Give an account of Cicero's conduct in the war betweer
Caesar and Pompey.

6 Where was Cicei'o born ? What other person of note
was born tliere ?

7. Under what mastei's did Cicero Study ?

8. What offices did Cicero hold befoie the consulship?
Whatr orations did he pronounce during the time in which he
held them?

9. On what occasions did Cicero reside out of Italy ?

10. At what age and in what cause did Cicero commence
his public career ? •

11. Mention briefly the circumstances attending the death
of Cicero.

12. Examine briefly the oratorical style of Cicero.

13. Briefly examine the statement: " Cicero was the first
of the second order of great minds."

14. Why was the term novus homo applied to him ?

15. Define fully the place which he occupies in Roman
literature.

16. Give a brief account of the political life of Cicero.

17. To what does Cicero thus allude :

"Recte, igitur, Magnus ille noster, me audiente, ^osuit in
judicio . . . '. rempiiblicam nostram justissimas huic
munieipio gratias agere pojse quod ex eo duo sui couservatorqp
exstitissent." 36

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 37

18. Show that Cicero purified the Latin language morally
as well as aesthetically.

(See Browne's Roman Literature, p. 278.)

19. In what sense is the saying true, " he bore none of his
ca^mities like a man, but his death ? "

20. Examine the statement of Quintilian : "Cicero com-
bined the force of Demosthenes, the copiousness of Plato, and
the elegance of Isocrates."

21. What unconstitutional act was the ruin of Cicero ?

22. "M. TuUius Cicero was born on the 3rd of January,
B.C. 106, according to the Roman calendar, at that epoch
nearly three months in advance of the true time." Explain
words in italics. %

23. Under what circumstances did Cicero obtain the pro-
vince of Cilicia ? -

IL
{Based mainly on CruttweWs Roman Literature.)

1. "The more truly free a nation is, the greater will its
oi-atory be." Apply this statement to the Roman eloquence
of Cicero's time.

2. "This great man was the first orator as he was the
greatest state.sman of his time." Does this remark, made
regarding Cato, apply with equal force to Cicero ?

3. " One of the great peculiarities of ancient eloquence was
the frequent opportunity afforded fur self-recommendation or
self-praise." What do you say of Cicero's egotism ?

4. "Few of Rome's greatest orators died in their beds."
Was this a mere coincidence ? Apply the statement to Cicero's
manner of death.

5. Who was Cicero's great rival in oratory ?

6. What is meant by the Asiatic style of eloquence ? Name
one Greek, one Roman, and one Englishman, who leaned
towards this style.

7. "Some of Cicero's speeches are deliberative, others
judicial, others desvri/itii-e, others personal." What about
the Catilinarian speeches ?

8. "In invective Cicero does not appear at his happiest."
State the" reason.

38 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

9. " He was pre-emineutly fitted foi* the /ratory of pane-
gyric." Name one or two of his most famcis panegyrics.

10. "Raillery, banter, sarcasm, jest, irony light and grave,
the whole artillery of wit, is always at his command." Is
there much of this in the speeches against Catiline ?

11. "His wordiness is of all his faults the most seducMve
and the most conspicuous." What name did Cicero receive
on account of his turgidity ?

12. " It seems that after Cicero oratory had lost the foun-
tain of its life." Is there any way of accounting for this?

13. In what work does Cicero attempt to reduce eloquence
to a science ?

#14. la what speech does Cicero give a graphic description
of the character of Catiline ? (Pro Caelio).

III.

1. Sketch the history of the first plot of Catiline.

2. What were the leading causes of the great conspiracy ?

3. Name the principal conspirators and describe the part
played by each.

4. What circumstances favored the growth of the plot ?

5. When was the Flr.->t Speech delivered ? Where ?

6. Make a brief synopsis of the speech.

7. What comparison does Cicero make between Catiline
and Gracchus ?

8. With what special powers were the consuls armed at
the time of the crisis ? ,

9. Why was Catiline not arrested and put to death when
the proofs of his guilt were plain ?

10. Trace through three stages the growth of the Roman
system of banishment.

11. Name the principal laws that were enacted concerning
the punishment of Roman citizens.

12. What was the technical phrase for homo per se cognitus?

13. Per omnes gradua honorum. Name them.

VOCABULARY.

ABBREVIATIONS.

a active

ahl. . . .'. ablative

ace accusative

adj adjective

ado adverb

ef. coiiipare

com. gen common gender

comp compaative degiee

conj conjunction

dat dative

def. defective

dem demonstrative

dep deponent

dbn diminutive

/. feminine

fr from

freq frequentati\e

gen genitive

imperat ira^erative

impers impersonal

ine inceptive

inch inchoaiive

ind indicative

indtrl indeclinable

indej indefinite

in/ infinitive

The fljures 1, 2, 3, 4, after the verbs, denote the conjugation. When
only the ligures are given, the conjugation is regular.

intens intensive

interj interjection

interrofj interrogative

m masculine

11 neuter

nom nominative

num numeral

part participle

pa participial adjective

pass passive

per/ perfect

pi.. plural

lAuperf pluperfect

pos ; positive degree

poss possessive

prep preposition

pres present

pret pr^teritive

pron pronoun

rel relative

semi-dep semi-deponent

sing singular

subj • subjunctive

sup superlative degree

voc vocative

39

40

VOCABULARY.

A.

a, ah, ahs, prep, with abl. (a, only
beiore consonants ; ab, before vowels
and consonants). From, away jrom ;

hy.

ab-eo, ire, ii, itum, n. irr. To go
away, depart.

ab horieo (2), horrui, no sup., n.
and a. 'Jo be averse or disinclined
to ; to bejreeiroin.

ab-suin, esse, fui, n. irreg. To be
away from; tube absent.

ab-utor (3), usus sum, dep. n. To
miaune, abuse.

ac, conj. (used before consonants).
And.

acer, acris, acre, adj. (acuo)
Sharp, severe.

a erb-ua, a, um, adj. (ac- .o) Un-
ripe, sour ;_viole/it.

ac-ies, iei, f. (ac-uo) An ed,;e,
point.

acr-iter, adv. (acer) Strongly,
sharply, keenly.

ad, prep, with ace. To, towards,
in, at, for, near, amon;/ ; until.

ad-duco (3), duxi, ductuui, a. To
lead tti ; induce, lead.

ad-eo, adv. So far ; so long; so
much.

ad-fero, ferre, attuli, allatum,
irr. a. (ad ; fero) To bring to, bring.

adflic-to (1), a., intens. (for ad-
fligto, fr. at*flIg-o). To greatly
trouble, harasx, annoy.

ad-grego : see aggrego,

adhibeo (2), hibiii, hibitum, a.
(ad; habeo) To apflg to; to use,
empliiy.

ad-kuc, adv. Thus far; up to this
time.

ad-minister, tri, m. A servant,
assi.staat.

ad-miror (1), dep. To wonder at,
admire.

nd-sequor (3), seciitus (c^uutus),
dep. a. To follow, purS'ie.

ad-servo (1), a. To preserve, pro-
tect.

ad sideo (2), sedi, sessum, n. (ad;
■edeo) To sit by or 7iear.

adulesc-ens, entis, m. and f. (adu-
lesc-o ; gen. pi., adolescentium) A
yowng man (,froni the 1,5th or 17th
until past the 30th year).

adulescent-ulus, i, ni., dim. (adu-
lesieiis) Ayoungtnan; stripling.

adul-tus, a, iini, ]iart. (ad l-esco)
Groun up, adult, lull-groun.

adveu-tiis, us, m. (adven-io, the
action of) A cmning ; arrival.

seger, gra, gruru, adj. Weak,
sick.

sequiis, a, um, adj. Plain^smooth,
even ; aequo animo, with great com-
posure.

aestus, us, ra. Beat.

set-erni.s, a, um, adj. (for fetater-
nus, from setas ; pertaining to)
E'ernal, everlasting.

ag-grego (1), a. (ad ; grex, to lead
to a Jtock) To assembl", collect to-
gether.

a-gnosco (3), gnovl, gnitum, a.
(for ad-gnosco, g-aosco=nosco) To
recognize, to discern.

ago (3), egi, actum, a. To drive;
to do, perform, effect ; to treat ; to
plead.

ajp (aio), det. To speak; to say
"yes"; to ajirm.

ali-enus, a, um, adj. (ali-us, be-
longing to the) Dilunging to an-
other, foreign ; unfriendly.

aliqu-ando, adv. (aliquia, of time
past, future, and pre-ient) At some
time or other ; at length.

ali-qiii, qua, quod, indef. pron.
adj. (ali-us ; qui) Some, any.

aliquid, adv. (adverbial neut. ace.
of aliquis) In some degree, some-
what.

ali-nuis, aliquid (fern. sing, and
fern, and neut. plur. not used ; alii s;
quis), indef. pron. subst. Some one,
anyone; something.

aliqiio, adv. (adverbial abl. of
aliquis) Some tchUher, to some
place.

ali-quot, indof. num. adj., indccl.
(alius ; quot) Some, several.

VOCABtTLARY.

41

alius, a, ud, adj. (gen. sing', alius,
dat. alii) Another, tthcr ; alius . . .
alius, on« . . . another.

alo (3). alui, allium, or altum, a.
To 710111 ish ; to foster.

altaria, ium, n. (alt-um, things
portaiiniis; to the ; hence) An altar.

ament-ia, se, f. (ctmens, the qual-
ity of the) Madness.

am-iciis, i, m. (amo) A friend.

ampl-ius, comp. adv.. More ;
Umjer.

ani-plus, a, um, adj. (am; p'.eo,
to fill ; rilled all rou d) Abundant,
full ; illustrious, noble.

an, conj. Or, whether.

anim-advero (3), veiti, versum,
a. (aiimus; adverto) To attendto;
to consider, perceive; animadvcitere
in aliquem, to inflict punishment on
one.

animus, i, m. 'the mind; dis-
position; t hour/he.

annus, i, m. A i/ear.

ante, prep, with aco. Before, in
front of; as adverb, be ore, pre-
vi.ously.

ant-iquus, a, um, adj. (ant-e, be-
longini;- to) Ancien', old.

aj^erte, adv. (apertus) Openly.

ap-ud, prep. With ace. (obs. ape,
to seize) Sear, at, bii ; with.

aqua, se, f. Water.

aqiiila, £6, f. The eagle;' the
standard o the legion.

arbitr-or (1), dep. (arbiter) To
jud'je, think.

arceo (2), arcui, no sup., a. To
shut uj) ; to keep or hold off.

ardeo (2), arsi, arsum, n. Toburn,
blaze.

argent-eus, a, um, adj. (argent-
utn, pi^rtaininn to) O suver.

arma, oruin, n. pi. Arms, wea-
pons.

arma-tus, i, m. An armed man,
a soldier.

arm-o (1), a. (arm-a) To furnish
with arias ; to arm.

aspec-tus, tus, m. (aspic-io) A
seeing, sight.

at, conj. But, yet (to introduce
a reason for a supposed objection),
but certaiahj, but cmisider.

at-que or ac (^the latter only be-
fore coMSonants), conj. And also,
and especiatly.

atrox, ocis, la long- or short) adj.
U: r rid, terrible, frinldrul.

at-teudo (3), tendi, tent m, a.
(ad; tendo) To ayply the mind to ;
tu Consider. _

auctor. oris. m. (augeo) An
author, contriver.

auctoritas, atis, f. (auctor) Au-
thority.

auda-cia, se, f. (aiidax, the quality
of the) Audacity, inshlence.

audeo (2), ausns sum,, semi-dep.
To dare.

audio (4), a. To hear.

aur-is, is f. (audio, the hearing
thing) The ear.

auspic-ium, ii, n. (auspex, a bird
inspector, diviner) Augury jroni
birds, aus/'ices.

aut, conj. Or ; aut . . . aut,
either . , . or.

autem, conj. But, moreover.

avus, i, m. A grandfather.

B,

Ijacch-or (1), dep. n. (Bacch-us)
To revel. ,

b-ellum (old form du-ellum), i, n.
(duo, a contest between two parties)
War, iiarjare.

bibo (3), bibi, no sup., a. To drink.

bon-um, i, n. A good thing; in
pi., gi ods.

bonus, a, um, adj. (comp. melior,
sup. optimus) Co ', iveil-disposed.

brevis, e, adj. Little, small,
short.

C. for Gains.

csedes, is, f. (csedo) Slaughter.

caslum, i, n. Heaven,

42

VOCABULAKT.

calamitas, atis, t. Loss, calamity,
disaster.

campus, i, m. A plain, field.

capio (3). cepi, captiim. a. To
take; consilium capere, to form a
plan.

career, eris, ni. A prison.

careo (2), ui, itum, n. To be with-
out.

carus, a, um, adj. Dear, precious.

castrum, i, n. A cantle, fort ; ii;
pi., castra, or..m, n, a camp.

ca-sus, sus, um. (for cad-sus, fr.
cado, the action of) Accident,
chance.

causa, 88, f. A ecivse, reason.

cedi» (3), cessi, ceasum, n. To f/o ;
to yield.

certe, adv. (certus) C-'rtainly.

cer-tus, a, um, adj. (cer-no) De-
cided, jixed, definite.

ceterus, a, um (the nom. siiicf.
inasc. not in usei, adj. The other,
the rest, the remainder.

circum-cludo (3), clusi, cliisum
(circum ; claudo). To shut in, en-
close.

ciicam-sto (1), steti, no sup., n.
or a. To stand around.

civis, is, com. tfen. A citizen.

civ-it;is, atis, f. (id., the condition
or state ofthe; ffcn. pi., ium and
uui) Citizenship ; a stale.

clamo (1), n. and a. To call, shout
aloud.

tlarus, a, um, adj. Clear, re-
nowned.

cle liens, meutis, adj. (clino, to
benil ; mens, haviwj the lieart bent)
Mild, kind.

coepi, coepisse, a. or n. def. (con-
tacted fr. coapio, fr. con ; apo, to
seize) Tu be'iin.

co-erceo (2), i.i, itum, a. (con ;
arceo, to xlnU up) To surround,
res ruin, check.

coe-tus, tiis, m. (coe-o) A coming
toijether ; an assemblaje, companu.

Vo-gito U). a. (con ; agitu) To
wti(/h thoroU'jhly in the mind; to
think over ; reflect upon ; plan.

co-gno3co (3), gnovi, gnitam, a.
(con; gno8co=nooco) To know.

col-iigo (3), legi, lectum (con ;
lego). Jo i/alher or collect tugether.

col-loco (1), a. (con ; loco) To lay,
place.

col6n-ia, 3d, f. (colon-us, a thing
belonging to a) A culuny, settlement.

co.n-e-s, itis, cdn. sren. (con; eo,
one wh) goes with another) A com-
panion.

com-i-tium, ii, n (con ; i, root of
eo, a coming t'lgether) I he i.'omiti-
•um, i.e. the pia-'e where the Romans
assembled to vote; in pi., the com-
itia, i. e. the assembly itself, hence
rlec ion.

com.i.enda-tioi onis, f. (com-
mend[a]-o) A recummendativn,
praine.

co:;i-mitto (3), misi, missum, a.
(con ; mitto, to cause to go together)
To commit.

tom-moveo (2), n-.ovi, motum, a.
( on ; moveo) i o move, rouge.

CO ii-niiinis, e, adj. (con ; muaus)
Common, general.

compare (1), a. (con; pare) To
make ready.

co.u-pdrio (4), perl, pertum, a.
(cum; root per, akin to perior, to
go throu ih) i o di^c 'Ver.
\ compet-itor, oris, m. (compet-o)
A rival, ampetitor.

com-p'.ures, a, and ia, adj. (con ;
plus) Heveral together, very many.

com-prehendo (3), preheudi, pre-
he s,im (con ; prehendo). To lay
hold of, arrest.

com-primo (3), pressi, pressum,
a. (lou ; premo) To press together;
to h inder, check.

cona-tus, tus, m. An attempt.

con-cedo (3), cessi. cessum, n. or
a. To depart, tcithdraw.

conci-to (1) a. intens. (,L-onci-eo, to
ur .e) To rouse up, excite.

eon-cup. -sro (r« I, cupivi or cupii,
cup itiiin, a. inch, (con ; cupi-o 2'o
be'v.ry desirous 0/ ; to long for.

VOCABtriART.

43

eoncnr-sus, siis, m. (for concurr-
Bus, fr. coiicurr-o, the action of) A
runninij, jiockinij together; a con-
course.

con-detnno (1), a. (con; damno)
To condemn.

con-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a.
To bring; to carry; to direct; t(f
arraivte.

confes-tira, adv. Immediately.

con-flcio (3), feci, fectum, a. (con ;
facio).~ / 0 prepare, complete ; to
exhaust.

con-fido (3), fisus sum, n. .or a.
semi-dep. To trust ; to believe cer-
tainly.

con-flrmo (1), a. To strenijthen ;
to asuure.

con-flagro (1), n. (con ; flagro, to
burn) To he on fire, to barn up.

con-fl) (1), a' To blow together,
kindlf ; to excite.

con-grego (1), a. (con ; gre"x) To
flock toi/ether, assemble, icnite.

cnnjic 0 (3), jeci, jectuin, a. (con;
jacio) To hurl, send, cast.

conjungo (3), junxi, j nctum, a.
To join tiifielher, unite, associate.

conjura-tio, onis, f. (eo jur[a]-o,
the action of). An agreement; con-
spiracy, plot.

conjura-tus (1), m. (id.) A con-
spirator.

conl : see coll.

Conor (1), dep. To undertake, at-
tempt.

consciontia, w, f. (canscieus. con-
scious) Consciousness, knowledge.

con-scribo (3) scripai, scriptum,
a. To write together (in a list) ; to
enroll.

conscrip-tus, a, nm, part, (for
scrfo-tus, fr. conscrib-o) As noun,
m. (so. pater) a smator ; patres
coiiscripti, the old senators torjether
with th.nse wh'i were a ter wards ad-
mitted (enrolled) into its ranks;
ori,;,''inally, patres et conscripti, sen-
ators.

consen-sio, onis, f. (con-sentio)
Unanimity, agreement.

consensus, ns, m. (id.) b nanimity,
agreement.

con-servo (1), a. To preserve.

consilium, ii, n. Deliberation,
counsel; plan, purpose; council.

con-spicio (3), spexi, spectam, a.
(con ; specio, to look) To observe,
behold.

con-stituo (3), stitui, stitutum, a.
(con; statue) To place ; to erect ; to
arrange, settle, agree upvn; to ap-
point.

con-stringo (3), strinxi, strictum,
a. To draw, bind together ; to hoi I,
hold fast.

consul, nils, m. A consul, one of
tire two chief magistrates of the
Roman state, chosen yearly after
the expulsion of the kiugfs.

consul-aris, e, adj. (consul) O/'or
pertaining to a consul ; consular ;
as noun, m., ex-consul; one or the
rank of consul.

consul-atus, us, m. (consul) The
consulship.

consulo (3), ui, turn, n. or a. V'o
consider, consult ; consulere alicui,
to take counsel for some o.ie; con-
sulere aliquem, to ask the advice of
some one.

consil-tiim, i, n. (con-sulo). A
decree, di'cision.

con-ta-mino (1), a. (for con-tag-
mino ; fr. con ; tag, root of tango)
io defile, contain in flte.

conteu-tiis, a, um, part, (con-
tineo) Contented, satisfie L

con-tineo (2), tlnui, tentum, a.
(con; tene ) To h Id together; to
keep in, restrain, confine.

con-tingo (3), tigi, tactum, a.
(con ; tango) To touch, take hold of;
to happen. •

contra, adv. and prep, with ace.
Against, contrary to.

contamel-ia, se, f. (obsolete contu-
mel-us, swelling greatly) Abuse, in-
sult, disirace; reproach.

con-venio (4), veni, ventum, n. or
a. To assemble ; used imper'^ri ally,
it is suitable, jiroper.

44

V00ABT7LABY,

con-vinco (3), vicl, victum, a. To
convict.

convoco (1), a. To cnvoke, as-
semble.

c6-p-ia, as, f. (contraotcii fr. co-
op-ia, fr. con; ops) Ahn.ndince ;
wealih, n\ht:t ; Uines, tronns (gen-
erally in plural with tlie latter two
niea jini^s).

corp IS, ori3, n. A body, corfse.

cor-rigo (<?), rexi, rect ;ni, a. (con ;
rego) I 0 makt; strai'jlU ; to iuirfove,
correct.

cor-r5bo!o (I), a. (eon ; roboro, to
■ffrennlhcii) To atrenjthen ; to cor-
roborate, siip/iort.

lorrapt-ela. se, f. (c3rru|iii]po)
/'hat irUi.cli corru/its ," (I corruidioii,
seduction ; sedactioeartis.

cot-i die, adv. (iiuot ; (i); die, abl.
of dies) Daily.

credo (3*, didi, dtutn, n. or a. To
trust in, believe ; to think, suppose.

cresco (3). crevi, cret im n. To
grow, increase.

crudeli-ter, adv. (crudelis, cruel)
Cruelly.

Ciim, prep, with abl. With.

cum. when, since, thou h.

c.imul-o (1), a. (cii mill- lis) To ac-
cumulate; to complete; to increase.

canctus, a, urn, a'lj. (c jntracted
from coujunctus) 'J'h- ichole, all.

cupid-itas, a£ls, f . (c .pidiis) De-
sire; passion; ea/erness ; avarice.

cup-idus, a, um, adj. (cupio)
Longin'), desirous.

cupio (3), ivi or ii, itum, a. and n.
To long /or, desire.

cur, adv. Why ?

ciir-a. se, f. (for coep-a, fr. coeroi
old form of qujero) TruuhU, care.

ciiri.i, je, f. Senate-house.

cusiodi-a, je, f. (custod-io) Wateh,
guard, castoihj.

custod-io (4), a. (custos) To watch,
tuard.

custos, odis, com. gen. A ;iuard,
/n'otector.

D.

de, prep, with abl. From ; eon-
cernini, onaccnin' o .

cte-beo (2), bui, b turn, a. (de;
h.abeo). 'J'o have from; to one ; to
be in duty bound to, ni'iht, must.

de-cerno (:i), crevi, cretum, a. 7i.
decide, decree.

de;lina-tio. onis, f. (declin[a]-o
A turnini asidf; a departure ; aii
a V'lid inr/, sh n n n mg.

de-decus, oris, n. Disgrace, dis-
honor.

de-fendo (3i, fendi, fensum, a. To
ward off; to defend, <:uard.

de-flcio (3), feci, fe turn, a. or n.
(de; fa io) To leave; to desert, re-
colt.

de f igo (3). fixi, flxum, a. To fix
down; to drive ; to luunne.

de-inde, adv. Aftvr this, next,
then.

de!ec-to (1), a., intcns. (.delic-io, to
allure) To deli iht, please.

dffleo (2), evi, etuin, a. To de-
stroy, anniliilate.

de-ligo (3). le^'i, loctum, a. (de ;
lego). To chotse out, select.

de-migro (1), n. To migrat'\(rom;
to emigrate ; to depart.

deuique, adv. At length, finally ;
in a word, briefly.

de- ;■ ono (3), posui, positum, a. 'I o
lay down ; to lay aside'.

de-precor (l),"dep. (de ; precor, <o
j)ray) To avert by prayer ; to avert.

de-reliniiio (3\ liqui, lictum, a.
To abandon, desert.

de-scribo (3), scripsi, scriptnni
a. 'I'o mark off, tj divide.

desidero (1), a. To long /or, de-
sire; to miss ; to regret, require.

de-signo (1), a. (de; signo, (<>
mark) i o mark out, detijtMte ; <«>
elect.

de-siuo (3), sivi or sii, s'.tum, a.
and n To leave off, cease.

de-oi to(S<, stiti, st.taui, n. To

desist.

VOCABULARY.

46

desum, esse, fui, n. To he away,
to Jail, be iraatiiKj.
' de-teotor (1), dep. (de ; tester, to
he a witness) To- cwsf ; to depre-
' c:tte.

detii-mentiim, i, n. (f >r deterfi]-
iiieatu M, fr. deter-o, that uhich
ru's II ff) Lo^s, dainu'je.

deas, i, in. .-1 itad.

da-voveo (2), vov , votuin, a. To
vow, dfivotc

dexter, tera. teruai, and tr.i,
truiii, adj. Hight, (in the riijht;
dextr.T, aB, t. the ri'jht hand.

dico (3), dixi, dictum, a. > o say,
assert.

dies, ei, m. (in singr. sometimes f.)
A_day ; in dies, from day to day,
daily (with an idea of increase).

difflcul-tas, atis, f. (for difflcil-
tas, fr. difla.cil-is, the state or con-
dition of) Difficulty, perplexity.

dignns, a, um, adj. Worthy.

dilig ens, entis, part, (dilig-o)
Careful, diligent.

diligen-ter adv. (diligens) Atten-
tively, diliyently, earnestly.
■ diligent-ia, ae, f. (diligens, the
quality of the) Diliicnce.

di-niitto (3), misi, missum, a. To
dismiss.

direp-tio, onis, f. (for dirap-tio,
fr. dirap, true root of dirip-io) A
plundering, pillaying.

dis-cedo (3), cessl, cessum, n. To
depart.

dis-cerno (3), crevi, cretum, a.
To separate, divide.

d 3ces-s <s, s s, m (for disced-
sus, fr. disced-o, the action of) A
depart re.

discipl-ina, se, f. (fordis?ipiil- na,
f r. discipul- s, a thing pertiininir to
the) Instruction ; science, skill ;
custom, method, discipline.

dissiraul-o (1), a. (dissiniil-is) To
pretend a thiny is not what it is ; to
d'ssemhle.

dissola-tus, a, um, part, (for dis-
Bolv-tu3. fr. dis olv-,i) Lax, remiss,
negligent.

dis-tribuo (3\ tribui, tribiitum,
a. To d'Stribute.

di-u, adv. (dt-es) A long time,
long:

do, dare, dedi, d-ttum, a. To
litre, yioe up.

d 1-or, oris, m. (dol-e >) Pain,
siirrino.

domes-ticus, a, um, adj. (dom s)
Domestic, private.

domus us and i domi, loc.), f. A
hduse, abode ; do i at hnine.

dub-, to (1), n. intcns. (primitive
form du-bo, fr. duo, to vi rate to
and :ro) 'lod ubt, hesitate.

diico (3), dux . diictuin, a. To
lead, eon itict.

dam, conj. While, as long as,
u ■ til, if.

duo, se, o, card. num. adj. Two.

duodejimus, a, um, ord. num.
adj. (d odeci n) ' he twelfth.

dux, duels, com. een. (diico) A
leader, commander, general.

B.

e prep, with abl.; se ■ ex.

ec-r^uis.q d(ec= e;q is, inter.
%ul).<t, pron. Whthcr any? any
one? any tiling ?

e-du 0 (3), d xi, ductum, a. 1 o
lead orth.

ef-fer>, ferre, extali, e'atum, a.
irr. (ex; ero) To bring forth ; to
liU un, exalt.

effrena-tus, a, um, part, (effre-
n[a]-o, to unbridle) Unl>ridled.

ef-f agio (3), fiig , no sup. (ex ; fu-
gio), n. or a. I o flee away; escape,
avoid.

ego, pers. pron. I.

e-gredlor (3), gressus sum, dep.
(ex ; grad ' r) J'o go out.

e cio or e-ji -io (3>, jec ,jettum,a.
e; jxclo) To lirive out; to expel,
banish.

e labor (3), lapsus sum, dep. To
ilip or glide away.

46

VOCABULARY.

e-ludo (3 , lusi, lusii i , a. To de-
lii'le, deccLoe, cheat

e-iiiitto (3), misi, uiitsum, a. To
-end forth.

e-murior (3), mortuus sum, dep.
To die quite ; to perish.

euiin, oonj. For ; etenim, or,
riu see.

eo, ire, ivi or ii. itum, n. 3'o (jo.

eodem, dat. of ide n, used adverbi-
illi'. To (he same place.

c-iu-e- >, itis, 111. (for equ-i-[t]-3, fr.
e [U-us) A horseman; a hors'-
■•■'tdier; in j>\., cavalry ; equites, the
o der of kiiitjlils.

e-ripio (3;, ripui, reptiim, a. (e ;
rapio) I'o una, ch ; to remjve, take
away.

e rumpo (3), rupi, ruptum, n. V o
iircak out, sally forth.

et, coiij. And ; et . . . et, both
...ad. not only . , . but also.

etenim : see enim.

eti;tm, c'onj. And also, besides;
and even, yet, indeed.

e vert (3 , verti veraiim, a. To
overthrow ; to subvert, destroy.

ev ca tor, ori^ m. (evoi[a]-o) The
one who calls forth (to arms} ; suin-
moner.

ex or e (e only before consonants).
Out of, from; immediately after;
on ac ount of.

ex-audio (4), a. To hear distinc'ly.

ex-cido (3), cidi, no sup., n. (ex-
cndo) To fail out or down; to slip
out.

ex-cludo 3), clusi, clusum, a. (ex;
cla do) 0 excl'de.

ex-eo, ire, ii, itum, n. To {jo forth,
dei art,

exerceo (2), ui, itum. a. (ex;
arceo^ To drive on, exercixe.

ex-haurio (4), hausi, hau turn, a.
To draw out ; talce auwi ; to drain.

ex-istimo (I), a. (ex ; aesti/ao) To
jud/e, consider.

exitiain, ii, n. ''exi, true root of
exei>) D structi'in. ruin.

ex-il-i'im, i', n. (for exsul-inm, fr.
exsul, the condition of an) Banish-
ment, exile.

ex-sisto (3), stiti, stitnm, n. 7>
step lorth; to apj.ear ; to be, exist

ex-specto (1), a. I'o await, ex-
pect

ex-stinguo (3 , stinxi, stii.cturo,
a. (ex; htinguo. to extiajtii^h) To
put out, extinyuish ; to deslruy.

ex-s li, ulis, com. gen. (ex; -ulom;
one. who in banished from h s native
soil) An exile.

exsul-to (1), n. intf ns. (for exsal-
to, fr. ex sal, true root of exs.l-io)
To lean ; ti.i exu't, rejoice.

ex- tor I a eo (2), torsi, tirtum, a.
To wrench nut, wrest away.

extra, adv. and prep, with ace.
Outside of, beyond.

facil-e, adv. (facil-is) Easily,
readily. '

fa -mus, oris, n. (fac-io, the thiny
done) A deed ; a bad deed.

t'acio (3), feji, factiiin, a.; pass.,
fio, fieri, faot'.is sum. To make, do,
perform; to cause. •

falc-arius, ii, m. (falx) A seythe-
malcer.

fallo (3), feM'i. falsutn, a. ' To
deceive; to e)>cape the notice.

lal-s IS, a, ;ira, part, (for fall-sus,
fr. fall-o) Deeeotive; laUe, untrue.

fania, se, f. Report, rumor ; fame,
reputation; inamy, ill-fame.

fames, is, f. Umyer, famine.

fa-teor (2), fassus a m, dep. a.
(f(a,-or) To confess.

faices, ium. f. pi. The throat; a
narrow tray, defile.

fax, facis, f. .4 torch.

febris, i", f. (f^tyir.. dub ) Fever.

feo. ferre, tali, lat ni, a. irresr.
To liear, carry; to uet, recice; to
snlfer. endure; to sav, rei art, relate.

fernim, i, n. Iron, an iron wea-
pon, a sirrd.

t'uu-, i?, ui. and f. A limit, end.

fio (p.%s3. of facie), fieri, facbtis
sum. Tobedonti; tobecom*.

VOCABULARY.

47

flrm-o (1), a. (flrmus) To make
firm ; to strengthen.

firmus, a, um, adj. Strong.

flagit-ium, ii, n. (flagit-o) A
shameful or disgraceful act; shame.

feed- us, ens, n. (forfldus, Ir. fido ;
a trusting) A league, treaty.

fore = futaius esse.

fort-as se, adv. (for forte; an; sit)
Perhaps.

f.rtis.e, adj. Courageous, braa:

fort-itudo, inis, f. (fortis) Firm-
ness, courage, resolution.

fort-una, se, f. (fors, that whieOi
belong-s to) Chance, fortune ; in pi.,
property.

f .rum, i, n. (foris) The market
place ; Forum, which was a long
open space betw' en the Capitoline
and Palatine Hills, surrounded by
porticoes and the shops of bankers ;
a market tomi. mart.

frango (3), fregi, fractum, a. To
break ; to subdue.

freqiient-ia, ae f. (frequens) An
assembly, multitude, cuncourse,

fiig .s, oris, n. Cold.

frons, frontiS, f. The forehead,
brow.

fug-a, se, f. (fug-io) Flight.

fiines-tus, a um, adj. (for funer-
tus if. funus, having a) Causing
death ; fatal, destructive.

furi-osus, a, um, adj. (furi-se)
Full of 7nadness; ragiwj, furious.

f ur-or. oris, m. (fur-o) A raging,
madness.

G.

ga'-dinm, ii, n. (gaudeo) Glad-
ness, delight, pleasure.

gel-id s, a, um, adj. (gel-o, to
freeze) Icy cold.

gen-s, tis, f. (gen-o=gigno, to be-
get ; that uh ch is begotten) A clan ;
a tribe, natiun.

glad -ator, oris, m. (gladi-us, one
using a) A swordsman} a gladiator.

gladius, ii, m. A sioord.

gl6r-ia, ee, f. (akin to clarus)
Glory.

grad-us, iis, m. (grad-ior, to walk)
A step ; a degree.

grat-ia, se, f. (grat-us, the quality
vt the) Regard, love; gratitude;
thanks.

gravis, e, adj. Heavy; severe;
grave, impressive ; venerable.

grav-iter, adv. Violently, severely.

habeo (2), ui, itum, a. To have,
hold ; to do, perform, make; to give.

habito (1). intens., a. and n.
(hab-eo) Tv inhabit; live; to stay.

heBreo (2), haesi, hsesum, n. 'io
stick, adhere.

hebesco (3), no perf., no sup., n.
inch, (hebe-o, to be blunt) To be dull.

hie, hsec, hoc, pron. demonstr.
This.

hic-ce, intensive form of hie.

hie, adv. Here.

hoDiO, inis, com. gen. A human
being; manoiwmnan; persin.

honeit-o (1), a. To adorn; to
honor.

hones-tus, a, nni, adj. (for honor-
tus, fr. h nor) Regarded wtth honor;
honored, noble.

honor (os), oris, ra. Honor ; offic-
ial dignity, ojjice.

hora, Ee, f. .471 hour.

horr-ibilis, e, adj. (horr-eo, to be
trembled at) Terrible, fearful, hor-
rible.

hortor (1), dep. To strongly urge,
exhort.

hostis, is, com. gen. An enemy.

humus, i, f . The ground ; humi
(loc), on the ground.

idem, eadem, idem, pron. (root i,
siiffl.K dem) The same.
idus, uum, f. pi. The Ides.

48

VOCABULART.

igitur, conj. Then; therefore,

accordingly ; icell then.

i-gndm n-i:i, ae, f. (lor in-gnomin-
ia ; fr. in, gnoii.eu=non:ien, a de-
priviivr 01 one's good )iaine) Dis-
(jruce, iqwrniny.

i-gno-r ( (1), a. (for in-gan-ro ; fr.
in, not ; g o, root of gnosco=no3co)
Hoi to know, to be iimoraat of.

ille, a, ud, pron. deinonstr. That;
he, nhe, it.

iUec-ebra, w, f. (for illac-ebra fr.
iliac, true root of illic- o to allure)
A7i enticenirnt, alluri vient.

ilhist - . 1\ a. ( Has r-is) To Vijht
up, ilUtminc ; to make 'lear.

imniaii-itas, atis, f. (iiumanis,
hu(je) Hui/enfss, enormity.

iiii-m neo (2). no perf., no sup., n.
(in ; niineo, to hawtooer) To border
upon, be near, impe'nd.

iai-mitto (3), niisi, missum, a.
(in; mitto) To send into; to let
loose.

imrao, adv. (et.^Tii. dub.) On the
und>'r side, on the reverse; on the
contrary ; no indeed, by no means ;
yes indeed.

ira-mortalis, e, adj. (in ; mortalis,
mortal) Immortal.

itnpedio (4), a. in; ■pes, toyetthe
feet in sometldny) To hinder, prevent.

im-pendeo (2), no perf., no sup.,
n. (in; pendeo, to liawi) To hany
over ; t>i impend, threaten.

inipera-tor, oris, m. (imper[a]-o)
A general; chief.

im-peritus, a, um, adj. (in ; per-
itus, skilled) Inexperiinced, igno-
rant.

i:nper-inm, i, n. (imper-o) Aii-
tliority, poicer, empire, yovernment.

im-pero (1), a. (in ; paro, to put
upon) To coiomand, enjoin.

im-petr.> (1), a. (in; patro, to
briny to pass) To accompLsh ; ob-
tain.

impetr.s, lis, tn. (in.peto, to at-
tack) An attack.

im-pius, a, um, adj. (in ; pins,
pious) Not pious, irreverent, un-
patriotic.

im-portii-nus, a, nm, adj. cfor In-
potta-nus, fr. in ; portus) Unsuit-
ade : savaye; danytrous.

im-prubiis, a, um, adj. (in ; pro-
bu ) Wicked, base.

im-piiiiitus. a, um, adj. (in ; pn-
nltiis, punished) A'ot punished;
unpunished.

in, piep. wi'.li ace. and abl. In,
into, against; of time, u;> to, for,
into, throuyh; with ablative, in,
uprm, on.

inani', e, adj. Empty, void.

incendium, ii, n. (incend-o) A
burning, conflagration, fire.

in-cludo (3), cliisi, clusum, a. To
shut up ; 1 1 in hide.

in-credibilis, e, adj. Incredible,
extraordinary.

increpo(l), (avi) ni, (atum)itam,
n. and a. Tn make a noise.

in-duco (3); di:xi, ductum, a. To
introduce ; to lead into, persuade.

in-eo, ire, ii, ituoj, n. or a. To go
into, enter; begin.

inert-ia, se, f. (iners, the quality
of the) Want of skill : inactivity.

in-fero, ferre, intuli, illat^m, a.
irr. To produce, make; to bring,
put, or place upon.

infestus, a, um, adj. Hostile,
dangerous.

infiti-or (1), dep. (infiti-se, denial)
To deny.

in-flammo (1), a. Tn set on fire.

iii-gravesco (3), no perf., no sup.,
n. To grow heavy; to grow worse.

in-inii'us, a, um, adj. (n; ami-
cus) Umriendly ; as noun, m., a
private enemy.

in ti-o (1), a. (initi-nm To begin,
to inilirite. consrcrafe.

inju: i-a, se, f. (,inj ri-us, injurious)
Injury, leroiig; injuria, as adv., un-
justly.

ini : see ill.

inop-ia, ae f. (inops) Seed.

in'\ua'n, def. verb. To say.

inr : see irr.

inscribo (3), si-ripsi, scriptum, a
To lerite upon ; to inscribe ; to im
press upon.

VOCABtTLARY.

49

Insid-jse, ar nn, f. pi. (insid-eo, to
S't in) An ambush, ambuscade;
plot, treachery.

■ insid -or (1), dep. (insidia?) To
wait itir, expi cl ; to plat ayamst.

intel-lego (3), lexi, lect m, a. (in-
ter ; lego, to chonse between) 1 o
perceive, understand.

in- endo (3), tendi, tent:in and
tens 111, a. To stretch out; to strice;
to aim at.

inter, prep, with ace. BUioeen,
amonfi.

inter-cedo (3), ce=;si, cessum, n.
To go or comf b tXK^'n ; to intervene.

inter-flo o (3), fe;i, fet m, a.
(inter ; facio) To destmy ; to kill.

interi-tas, fs, m. (mtereo) De-
struction; derith.

iuter-rog (1), a. To ask, inquire.

inter-3ur)i, esse, fiii, n. irr. To be
betueen ; todiffer ; interest, iiiipers,,
it interests.

intes-tin'is, a, um, adj (forintus-
tin s, fr. intas) Inter i. at; intes-
tine, civil.

intra, prep, with ace. Within, in.

in-uro (3), ussi, ustum, a. To burn
into ; to brand.

in-venio (4), veni, ventum, a. To
come u on, find.

invid-ia, se, f. (invid-us, an en-
vier) Eniy, jealousy, unpopularity.

invito (1), a. To ask, invite, sum-
mon.

i-pse, a, um, pron. demonstr. (for
is-pse ; fr. is and suffix pse) Him-
self, herself, itseL ; he, she, it; very,

ir-reti-o (4', a. (for in-ret-io, fr.
in ; ret-e, a net) To ensnare, capti-
vate.

is, ea. id pion. demonstr. This,
that ; he, she, it ; such.

is-te, ta, tud, pron. demonstr. (is;
snfHx te) This of yours ; this, thai ;
that fellow, that thing ^used with
contempt).

ita, adv. In this way ; so, thus.

J.

jaf-eo (2), ui, jacitum, n. To lie;
to lie down.

ja -to (1), a. freq. (jac-io) To
throw; to toss about; to boast,
vaunt.

jail, adv. Now, already; jam-
dfulu 11, a lont tune sine-, long ago
wiih a pie>ent tense, giving the
fiiice of the peifcct brought down to
the present tiinei ; jam-pridein adv.
I ni time ago, lor a long time.

jiibeo (2), jus i, j .ss-m, a. 3V
coiinnand, order, bid.

ju-cundas, a, uni, adj. (tor juv-
ci.ndiis, fi'. juv-o) Pieasant, agree-
able, pleasing,

judic- um, i', n. (jiidico> A judg-
ing ; a judgment; a sentence.

ju-di o (1), a. (j us ; dico; To judge;
to th vk.

jungo (3), junxi, junctum, a. 1 o
j in. unite.

jii-s, jiiris, n. ("akin to root ju, (o
join I Law, right, justice; jure,
justly.

jus-su, m. (only in abl. sing.; ju-
beo) Bg command.

j .s tus, a, u.ii, adj. (for jur-tus,
f r. j us) Just, right.

labefac-to (1), a. Intens. (labe'"ac-
io) To cause to totter; to injure,
ruin ; to imperil.

labor, oris m. Labor, toil.

IsBt-itia, se, f. (Isec-us) Joy, glad-
ness.

latro (a short or long), onis, m.
A robber, highwayman.

latrocin-ium, ii, n. (latro) High-
way robbery, i lunderiii.o.

laiis, laudis, f. Praise, fame,
honor.

lect -lus, i, m. dim. (for le' to-lis,
fr. lecto, stem of leotus) A little
couch, bed.

lenis, e, adj. Soft, gentle, mild.

50

VOCABULARY.

lex, le^is, t. (=leg-!!, fr. Igg-o ;
that which is read) A laiv.

liber, era, eruin, adj. Fre^, un-
restrained.

liber-i, oruin, m. pi. (liber)
Children.

liber-o (1), a. (id.) To makefr^e;
to free.

iib-ido, inis, f. (lib-et) Desire;
passion, lust.

lice (2), imp. It is permitted;
one may or can.

locus, i, m. A place (in pi., loci or
loca).

long-e, adv. (long-us) Far off;
greatly, much; by far.

loquor (3), looiitus sum, dep. To
Speak, say.

hix, liicis, f. (=luc-s fr. li;c-eo, to
shine) Light; the light of day, day-
light.

M.

machin-or fl), dep. (machin-a, a
devi'C) To contrive, devise ; to plot.

mac-to (1), a. intens. (for mag-to,
fr. obsolete maai-o, of i-ame root as
found in mag-nus) To venerate,
honor; to kill, slay; to immolate;
to destroy.

ma-gis, adv. More.

mag-nu'?, a, um, adj. (comp. ma-
jor, sup. maximu.?; root mag
Great ; majores, ancestors.

maj-or, us, adj. conip. (magnus)

malleo-lus, i, m. dim. (malleus, a
hammer) A small hammer; a kind
ofjiri'-dart.

ma-lo, mnlle, malui, a. irr. (con-
tracted fr. m;.g-v()lo, fr. root niag ;
volo, to have a great desire for) To
prefer.

mal-um, 1, n. (malus) An evil.

man-do (1). a (man-us; do, to put
into one's hand) I o order : to com-
mend, consinn. mtru-^t : to lay up;
se fufraj iiiaiidare, to take to jU;iht.

manas, us, f. A hand; band of
troops.

inarit-us, a, um, adj. (mart-.-x,
mas) Matrimonial, cunjunal ; as
noun, m. so. vir), a husband.

matur-e, adv. (mat;ir-u8) Season-
ably, a' the proper time ; soon.

matiir-itas, atis, t. (matur-us)
Ripeness, maturity, jirrfection.

max me. adv. (maxim-uB) Inthe
highest degree, especially.

mediocr-iter, adv. (mediocr-is)
Miiderately.

u editor a), dep. To think, con-
sider, meditate upon ; to practise.

mehercule, mehercle, meliercu-
les, adv. By Hercules.

me:nini, isse, a. and n., dep. To
remembtr, recollect.

memoria, se, f. (memor, mindful)
Memory.

meus, mentis, f. The mind ;
thotuiht, purpose.

jnetu-o (3), ui, utnm, a. and n.
(metu-s) To fear.

metus, us, m. Fear.

me-us, a, um, prou. p rs. (me)
My, mine.

min-us, adv. (min-or) Less, not.

misericord-ia, tp., f. (misericors.
pitiiw.) Pity, cont])assiun.

niitto (3), u.isi, missum, a. To Itt
go, send.

)iiodo,adv. Only; non modo . . .
sed etia^m, not only ; . . . but also.

modus, i, m. A measure; limit;
manner ; kind.

moenia, ium, n. pi. Defensive
mills; ramparts; city walls.

mole s is, f. A huge tnass ; great-
ness, might.

mol-ior (4), dep., n. and a. (mol-es)
To endeavor, strive ; to undertake ;
to plo' ; to prepare.

mol-lis, 6, adj. (for mov-lis, fr-
niov-eo, that may or can be moved)
Weak, feeble; entle; mild.

mora, as, f. A delay.

niorbi.s, i, m. A sickness, disease.

mor-3, tis, f. (nior-ior) Death.

mor-tuus, a, um, part, (mor-ior)
Dead.

VOCABULARY.

51

rnos, mSris, m. Usage, custom,
pructice.

n'.oveo (2), movi, niotum, a. To
move; to affect.

miilt-o, adv. (mult-us) Much,
qrea ly.

niult-o (mulcto) (1), a. (mult-a, a
fine) To fine; to punish.

multuH, a, uni, adj. Much; in
pi., many.

nmn-!o(4), a. (moen-ia) Toforti'y.

muni tus, a, um, part, (mani-o)
Fortified, secure.

murus, i, m. A u-all.

mu-to (1), a. intens. (for mov-to,
fr. mov-eo) To move; to alter,
chanye.

N,

nam, conj. For.

nanciscor (3),naruAus and nactus
sum, dep. To yet ; tojind., "'•

nascor (3 , natus sum, dep. To he
b rn ; to spring fm th ; to yrow.

na-tura, se, f (na-scor ; a being
horn) Birth; natuie.

nau-*rag-us, a, un , adj (nav-
frag-us; navis; fng.rootof fraiigo)
That suffers shipifreck ; ivrecked.

ne, adv. and conj. No, not; ne
. . . quidem, not even; that not,
lest.^

-ne, intenogr. and enclitic particle,
in direct questions with the ind.
asking- meiely for information ; in
indirect questions with the subj.
Whether.

nee, conj.: see neq^ue.

neces -arius, a, um, adj. (ne-
cess e) Unavoidable, necessary; as
noun, ni., a relative, friend.

ne-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only
in ncm. and ace. sing., for ne-ced-se.
fr. ne ; ed-o, not yielding) Un-
avoidalile. necessary.

nefar-ius a, um, adj. (for nefas-
ius. fr. nefas) Impious, nefarious.

neg-lego yd), lex , lectum, a. (nee ;
lego, not to gather) To neglect, dis-
regard.

nego (1), n. and a. To say " no ";
to deny.

ne-nio, inis, m. and f. (ne ; homo)
No person, no one, nobody.

ne-que or nee, adv. Not; conj.,
and not ; neque . . . neque, nee
. . . nee, neither . . . nor.

nequ-.tia, as, f. (nequ-am) Bad-
ness; inaaivity, negligence.
~ ne scio (4 , a. Not to know, to be
ignorant of.

nex, necis, f. (=ne"-s, fr. nec-o)
Death; murder, slaughter.

nihil, n. indecl. (nihilum, by apo-
cope) JV. thin I ; not at all.

nimis, adv. Too vnich; too.

nmi-m, adv. ^nlmi-us) Too
)i, uch ; too.

ni-si, conj. I/not, unless.

noct-urniis, a, um, adj. (nox) Be-
loiigini to tlie night, nocturnal.

n6'!,in-o (1), a. (nomen) 1 oname.

non, adv. ^ot, no.

uon-dum, adv. Not yet.

non-ne, inter, adv. (expe ts an-
swer " yes") Not?

non-nullns a, um, adj. (not one)
Some, several.

noster, tra, triim poss pron.(nos)
Our, our oun, ours; i.i plur., as
noun, m.. our men.

a ta, ae, f. (nosji) A mark, sign ;
a bra.d.

not-o (1), a. (not-a) To mark,
designate.

novus, a, um, adj. New.

nox, n 11 tis, f. Night.

nud .8, a, um, adj. Naked, lare.

u-uUus, a, um, adj. (ne ; ullus)
Ni ne, no.

nam, inter, particle, used in di-
rect questions expecting the an- '
suer "no"; in indirect questions,
Whether.

numerus, 1. m. A number.

nunc, adv. Now, at present,

n-unquam (niimquani), adv. (ne ;
unqiiam) Never.

nuper, adv. (for nov-per, fr. no-
v-us) Newly, lately.

52

VOCABULAEY.

nupt-ias, arum, f. pi. (nupt-a, a
married woman) Marriaye, nup-
tials.

O, interj. 0 ! Oh !

ob, prep, with ace. On account of.

obei, ire, ii, ituiu. n. To enjaije
ill. execute.

obliviscar (3), oblit.is sum, dep.
To fonjet.

obscure, adv. (obscar-us) Indis-
titicily, secretly.

obscur-o (1), a. (ohscurns) To
obscHie.

obscurus, a, um, adj. Dark; un-
knoun.

ob-s deo (2), eedi, sessuni, a. (ob ;
sedeo, to nit) 'lo sit i own at or be-
fore; to invest ; to natch tor.

ob-sido (3), no perf. no sup., a.
To sit down over or Uitainst ; to in-
rest, heniene.

ob-sisto (3), stiti, stituni, n. To
oppose, resist.

ob-sto (1), stiti, statuni, n. To
rppise.

oTa-tempero (1), n. To comply
,nth, o' ey.

oc-cido (3), cidi, cisnm, a. (ob;
ci«do, to sirilce against) J o strike
dvu'7i; to kill.

o.-cup-o (1), a. (for ob-rap-o, fr.
ob ; capio) To take, seize ; to oc-
cupy.

oculus, i, m. An eye.

odi, odisse, a., defective To hate.

od-ium, ii. n. (odi) Hatred.

of-fendo (3), feudi, fensuru, a. To
hit ; to offend.

of-fensus, a, um, adj. Odious.

omen, inis, n. An omen.

o-mitto (3\ niiai, mlFSUin, a. (ob ;
mitto) To I t 00 ; to pass iva; omit.

ouinis, e, adj. Every, all.

opinor (1). dej). (opin-us, think-
itif!) 0 think, sup/iise, imayine.

oportet (2), impcrs. It is neces-
sary.

op-primo (3', pressi, pressntn, a.
(■ob ; pre o) 'I o ovi-rwhi Im, subdue,
overpoicer ; to cuter.

o prill -as, atis, adj. fopt m-ns)
Aristocratic; as noun (sc. houio), an
aristuciat.

opt-inins, a, nin adj. (super, of
bonus) Best, very f)ood.

orb's, is, ni. A circle; the world,
the universe.

Old o, inis, m. ord-ior to begin)
Order ; class, deiree.

6 , oris n. The mouth ; the face,
countenance.

osten to (1), a. intens. (for ostend-
t , fr. ostend-o) To show; to dis-
play.

6t -osns, a, mn, adj. (oti-nm, full
of) At leisure; quiet; calm, tran-
quil.

otium, ii, n. Leisure.

P.

pa"isco (3), pacisci, pactum, a.
To agree.

p ciscor (3), pactiis sum, dep , n.
and a. lo contract; to agree, bar-
gain.

pactum, 1, n. (pac-iscor) An
agriement, compact; manner, way.

par-ens, ent.s, m. and f. (par-io)
A paient.

paries, ietis, m. A trail.

pario (,3), reperi, pantnm and
partuai,_ a. To bring lorth; to ob-
tain.

paro (1), a. To make, get ready,
prepare.

parri-cida.se, m.(f rpatr-i-ca?d-a,
fr. pater; fi]; csedo) The murderer
of one's rath r ; parricide.

parricid- um, ii, n. (parricid-a)
Parricide, murder, treason.

pars, partis, f. A part, portion.

pa t-i-cep s, cips. a'dj. (for p^rt-
i-cap-3, fr. pars ; [ ] ; cap-io) ^har-
in;i, /lartaking; as noun, a sharer,
partaker.

VOCAbUiARY.

Oo

parvus, a, um, adj. Small, little,
sli ht.

pat-e-facio (3), feji, factum, a.
(pateo ; fa io) To disclose, expose,
brill I til Ivfht.

pateo (2), r,no!iup.,n. To stand
or lie open ; to be clear, plain.

pat 1, rid, in. .-I father.

patient-ia, ae, f. (patior) Patience.

pair iL,s, a, mil (d loiijc ■ r short),
adj. (pate;) Paternal, fatherly ; as
noun, f. (sc. te ra), imiive land,
cuuntri/.

paucLis, a, uiu, adj. Small, little;
as noun, pi. m., few, a few.

paal-iSj er, adv. (pa J-us, litth)
For a li tie uhili',

paul-6, adv. (id., little) By a little,
a little.

paul-ura, adv. (paul-us) By a
little, a Utile.

paul s,a, u/n, adj. A little, small.

penitiis, adv. ;root pen) From
within ; dee, ly.

per, prep, with aco. Through ;
by. by vieans of ; on account of.

per-cip o (3), cepi, ceptum, a.
(per ; capio) To take possru.nun of,
seize; to comprehend, perceive, learn.

perd-i.us, a, um, part, (perd-o)
Jiained, desuerate., abandoned.

per-do (3,; d.di, ditum, a. To de-
stroy, ruin.

per-fero, ferre, tuU, latum, a. irr
;' 0 bear, endure.

per-fringo (3), fre^i, fractum, a.
(per; fiango; To break through;
to vii-late, iniringe.

per-fruor (3;., fructus sum, dep.
To enjoy fully.

per-go (3), perrexi, perrectum, a.
and n. (for per-rego, to make quite
straight) o pri>ceed, go on.

pericl-itor (1), dep., a. and n.
(pe icl-um To try; to endanger,
risk : to venture, hazard,

peri-culum (olum), i, n. (peri-or
[obsolete], to go through) A trial;
hazard, danger, i erd.

per-initto (3), n.isi, missum, a. To
send through; to give up, intrust,
surrender.

per-m veo(2), ir.ovi, irotum, a.
To r>iOi)(; thorou hly ; to excite,
arouse.

peroic-ies, iei, f. (peruec-o, to kill
lltte-ly) Destuctiun.

pernici-osu-', a. um, adj. (pernici-
63, full of) Very destructive, ruin-
ous, pernicious.

psrpetu s, .•!, i.m, adj. Continu-
ous ; constant, perpetual,

per-ssepe. Very often, very fre-
quea ly.

pe -spio o (3), spexi, spectum. a.
(per; specio, to look) To look
through ; to 2'erceive, note.

per-teireo (2), ui, iti.m, a. To
terrify thuruu hly.

per-tiuie-sco (3), timui, no sup.,
a. and n. inch, (pertimeo) To jear
or dread greatly.

per-tii eo ^2), tinui, tectum, n.
(per ; teneo i To stretch ; io con-
cern ; to pertain to.

per-ven.o (4), vent, ventum, n.
.' 0 arrive at, reach.

pestis, is, f. Buin, plague.

pet-itio, oijis, f. (pet-o) An attack,
thrust,

peto (3), petvi, petitum, a. To
seek; io attack, thrust at,

placeo 2), ui, ituni, n. To please;
place't, inipers., it seems good; it is
resolve i Ufjon; is determined.

placo (1), a. To quiet, calm, re-
concile.

p an e, adv. (plan-us) Simply,
clearly.

plebes, ei, f. or plebs, plehis, f.
The common people, the plebeians.

plu-rinius, a, um, sup. adj. (mul-
tus' Very much ; in pi , the largest
or greatest number ; with q^uam, us
many as possible.

poena, ae, f. Punishment.

pol-lii eor (2), licit s sum, dep.
(pot, root of pot-is, powerful, and
liceor, to bid) To promise.

pont fex, ficis, m. The high
priest, pontiff.

populus, 1, m. A people, nation,
multitude.

porta, 89, f . A gate ; passage.

54

Vocabulary.

pos-sum, ppsse, potiii, no sup., n.
irr. (for pot-sum, fr pot, root "f po-
t-is, able, and sim) To be able.

post, adv. and prep, with ace. Be-
hind; alter ; next t", since.

post-ea, adv. After this; after-
wards.

po3ter-ita9, atis, f. (poster-us)
Futurity; posterity.

postulo (1), a. To ask, demand,
req'iest.

potius, adv. (adv. neut. of potior,
comp. of potis) Mather, more.

prse-ilarus, a um, adj. Splendid,
excellent ; distinijuished.

prw-dico (1), a. To publish, state,
declare.

praj-dico (3), dixi, dictum, a. To
say be I ore hand ; to predict.

prae-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a.
irr. To bear before ; to display ; to
exhibit.

praR mitto (3), misi, missum, a.
To send forward.

prse-s-ens, entis, adj. (prae ; aum)
Present.

pTPesent-ia, ae, f. (prjesens) Pres-
ence.

prjesid-iiim, ii, n. (praesid-eo) A
gxmrdmrj, defence, aid; a gargison,
guard.

prae-stolor (1), dep. n. and a. To
wait for.

praeter-eo, ire, ii, itum, n. and a.
irr. / 0 2}ass nver, omit.

prfeter-mitto (3), misi, missum,
a. To pass over, omit.

prae-tor, oris, m. (for praei-tor ;
fr. praeeo) A leader ; a prcstor, an
officer next to consul in rank.

pri-deni, adv. (for prae-dem, fr.
P'ae ; sulfix dem) A long time a;jo,
bin; since.

pri-d e, adv. (for prae-die, fr. prae ;
dies) On th- day be'ore.

primo, adv. (primus) At firift.

pri-mus, a. um, sup. adj. (for
(prae- m us, fr. prae, with superlative
sufBx mus) '/ he fir.it, Jir.it.

prin-cep-s, cipis, adj. ^or prim-
aps fr. prun-us; cap-io) h'irst;
as noun, m. and f., chief, leader.

pri-or, us, fren. 6ns, comp. adj.
(for prae-or, f r. prae ; comparative
suffix or) Former.

priva-tus, a. um, part. (priv[a]-o,
to deprive) Private; as noun, m.,
a private citizen.

prob-o (1), a. To try ; to approve.

profec-tio, onis, f. (for profac-tio,
fr. profic-iscor) A setting out, de-
parture.

pro-flcio (3), feci, fectum, n. and
a. (pro ; facio) To accomplish,
effect.

pro-flo-iscor (3\ fectns snm, dep.
n. inch, (for pro fac-iscor, fr. pro ;
fac-io) To set nut.

p 6-fugio (3), fugi, fugitum, a.
and n. Tojlee.

prr.pe. adv. and prep, with ace.
Neariy, almost.

propria-, a, nm, adj. One's own,
proper, peculiar, suited to.

pr;.p-ter, prep, with ace. (pr p-e)
Near ; on account o'

pro-sequor (3), se ntiis sum, dep.
To follow, accompany.

prox mus, a, um, adj. (pro -si-
nuis, for prop-simus, fr. prop-e, and
sup. ending siinus) The nearest,
next ; the_ln.it.

piiblic-e, adv. (publin-us) In be-
half of the stale, in the name of the
slate.

piibl-icus, a, um, adj. (pop'ilils)
Public, common.

pud-or, oris, m. (piidet) Shame,
modesty.

p r-go (1), a. (pur-us) To cle^n,
cleanse ; to purify.

p t-o (1), a. (piit-us, cleansed) To
make clean; to reckon, think.

Q.

quaere (quaeso) (3), qii»sivi, ii,
qnaesitum, a. To seek; to dvinand,
ask.

Vocabulary.

65

qnseso : see qnsero.

quajs-tio, 6n;s, f. (quses-o) A
seekiii;) ; a judicial inrestpfiition.

quam, adv. (adverbial ace. of quis)
In what manner, how; as much, as ;
than; with superlatives, as (much
as) p ssible, e.g. quaiu primum, as
seon as pos>^ible.

quam-diu, adv. How lomj, as long
as.

quani-ob-rem, rel. adv. On ivhich
account, wherefore.

quam-quaiii, conj. Although.

quantus, a, um, adj. Uoio great,
how much.

quaie, adv. (quis; res) From
lohat cause? wherefore?

-que, enclitic conj. And; que
. . . que, both . . . an I.

qvier-inioaia, ff}, f. (queror) A
eoinvlaint.

queror (3), qu&stus sutt<, dep. a.
and n. To complain of, lament, be-
wail._

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. Who,
lohich, lohat, that.

qui-dain, qiifedam, qaoddam, in-
def. pron. Some, some one, a cer-
tain one.

quidem, adv. Indeed, at least;
ne . . . quidem, not even

quie-sco i3). quiev, qu et im, n.
inch, (for q iiet-sco, fr. quies) To
keep quiet.

quin-tns, a, um, ord. num. adj.
(quinqii-tus, fr. quinque) The fifth.

qiis. qiae, q id, interrog. pron.
(quis. quje qiod, used adjectively)
Who? wtdch? what? quid, how?
why? wherefoee? preceded by ne,
si, nisi, num, becomes an indefinite
pron., any, some.

qiiis-quam. quse-quam, quic-
q'lam (qu d quam), indef. pron.
Ally, any one.

qui -que, quse-que, qnod-que
(and as noun, q lic-q e ; quid-q .e),
indef. pron. Each, evin.
. qu s-q lis, q od-q irfi or quic-
qu d or qiid q id, indef. pron.
Whatever, whatsoever ; as noun,
whoever, whosoever.

quo, adv. (qui) Where; whither.

quod, conj. (aoc. neut fr. q d)
That, in that, because ; quod si, hut
if

quondam, adv. (tor quom-dam,
fr. quoni, old form of quem) Once,
formerly.

q';on-iam, conj. (for quom-iam,
fr. q om = cum and jam) Since.

nucq e, conj. Also, too (placed
after the woid it emphasizes).

quot, num. adj. indecl. Hoiv
many, as many.

quotid-ie ; see cotidie. Daily.

quot-ies, iens, adv. (q ot) Hoio
often.

qnoties-ci.mq e, adv. How often
soever; as olte.n as.

quo-usque, adv. (for qucn ; us-
que, fr. quom, old form of quem;
usque) Until what time ; how long.

R.

rapio (3\ ni, raptum, a. To
snatch or draxe au-ay.

ra-t o, onis, f. (reor) A calculation;
judgment, reason; cowse, manner.

recens, ntis, adj. Fresh, recent.

recipio (3), cepi, > eptam, a. (le ;
capio) Jo take back; to accept, re-
ceive.

re-cognosco (3), cognovi, cogpi-
tuni, a. / 0 know again, recognize ;
to examine, review.

recondo (3) condidi, conditum,
a. To put back anain ; to sheath ■
(of a sword) ; to lay ui; bury.

rectus, a, um, part, (for reg-t .e>
fr. reg-o) Ri iht ; straight.

red-undo (1), n. To overflow; to
abound.

re fero, feire, tuli, latum, a. irr.
To carry, bring, or give back ; to re-
turn, pay back.

reri-e, adv. (reg'-us) Royally,
tyrannically.

re-levo (1), a. To make light ; to
relieve.

66

VOCABULARY.

re-1'nqno (3), ITqni, I'ctum, a.
(re; liiinuo, to leave) To leave be-
hind, leave.

rel qu-iis, a, um, adj. frel [a]qu-o)
Reinainliiij ; the reinainder o , rest.

lemaneo (2), a ansi, no sup., n.
2'o retnain behind.

re-iii. ror (,1), dep., n. and a. To
stay, delaij ; o detain.

re pel 10 ,3;, piili, pulsura, a. To
reject, reuel.

re-pe: 10 (4\ reperi, repertum, a.
(re; par o) To Jliid.

re-p iii.o (3), pie si. p-essum, a.
(re; prenioi I u check, restrain.

lepiit^i-o (1), a. (repudi-iim, a
castin off) To cast oil . to reject.

les, rei, f. A thiwr, matter; res
publica, the commonweal h, the state.

re-sideo (2', f.edi, no sup., n. (re;
sedeo) lo remain; to remain be-
hind.

re-spondeo (2), spondi, sponsum,
a. (re ; spondeo, to promise) To
answer, reply.

respon-sum, i, n. (for respond-
su:ii, fr. respoudeo) An answer,
reply.

res-publica, rei-publica*, f. : see
res.

re-v )Co (1), 'a. To call back, to
recall.

rogo (1), a. To ask; rogare legem,
to proijose a 1 1 w.

mi-ina, se, f. (ra-o) A falling ;
ruin.

3.

sacr-ariiim, ii a lonsr or short), n.
(sa r-uiii) .4 place fur Iceepin'j hdy
thin IS ; a shrine.

sacrum, r (a long or short\ n.
(sa er) A sacred thine/ ; a religious
rite, ceremony.

sfep-e. adv. (saep-is, frequent)
Often, freqiiently.

pag-ax, aris, adj. isagio, to per-
ceive quickly) iSagacious, keen-
scented.

salu-s, ntis, t. (for salv t-s ; (r.
srilv-eo, to be welt) Health ; safety,
/ ros/ierity.

salut-o (1), a, (salos) To greet,
salute.

saac-tus, a, um, adj. (sancio)
Sacred, holy, venerable.

san ,tii ', m.s, m. Blood.

satelles, ins, com gen. An at-
tendant; an nccom^dice, partner.

satis (sat), adv. Enough.

f ats-facio (3), feci, fai tim, a. To
give satisfaction ; satis ''y, content.

sreleiat e. adv. (scelerat-us) /to-
piously, icicJcedly.

scele.a-tu-j, a, um part, (scel-
er[a]-o, to pollut-') Polluted, bat;
as noun, m., a wretch.

scelus, e is, n. An evil deed; o
crime, • xiilt.

scio (4), a. To know, perceive,

se- edo (3), cessi, cessum, n. T(
go apart; to go away.

se-cerro (3), crevi, cretum, a. Tt
put apart, separate.

sed, coiij. But, yet, but also ;
non sohiDi . . . sed etiam, not only
. . . but also.

sed-i-tio, onis, f. (sed=sine; i,
root of 60, a going apart) Sedition,
striie.

se-jnngo (3), junx', junctum, a.
Todi.yiiin; to separate.

semen, inis, n. (for sa-men, fr
sa, true root of tero; thesoion thinnr
Se-d.

semper, adv. Ever, always.

sen-atus, us, ni. (senex) IK
council 01 the tlders, the senate.

senatiis- ons iltam, i, n. A di
cree oi t e senate.

sen-sus, us, m. (for spnt-sus, fr
sent-io) Perception, feelinn.

so'itent-ia, se. f. (for featent-'a
fr. sen'iens, //n'/iA'/ny) An opinion
sentiment ; sentence, vote.

seutlna m, t. Bil -e-irater ; thi
lowfst of the peoiile, rabble ; mob.

sen tic (4), sen^^i, seusnm, a. 7
feel, see; to perceive.

VOCABULARY.

57

?e'i or (3>, secutiis sum, dep. To
f'llli'W ; to ciimply ivith, coiil'cnn to.

Eermo, oms, ni. A speakiiuj ;
ta h, convrrm'ion.

ter-5, adv. (ser-us Late, too late.

Eeiv-io 4\ n. (serv-us) 'la be a
xlace ; to si-ive.

servo (1), a. To' save, preserve,
proti'ct.

ser "s, i, m. A slave.

sese, reduplicated form of ace. or
abl. of sui.

sever-itas, atis, f. (severus)
Strictness, sevr. tij.

sex-tus, a, nni, ord. num. adj.
(sex) 'I he nix'h.

si, 1 onj. Jf, ichether.

sic, adv. In thix manner, so thtis.

ska, je, f. _ A claiiier, poniard.

sic-'Jt or sic-uti, adv. So a>', just
as.

silent-ium, ii, n. (silens, silent)
Silence.

sileo (2), iii, no sup., n. To be
noiseless, still, or silfut.

s nulls, e, adj. (with gen. and dat.)
Lihe, similar.

simul, adv. Together, at once;
siniul a • or atqiie, as soon as.

si-n, corij. (SI ; ne) Btit if.

sine, prcj). with abl. Withnut.

sing ill, £e, a, num. distiib. adj.
One to each, separate, sinjle, each,
every.

sino (3', sivi, sitnm, a. To let,
suj'er, allow.

soci-etas, atis, f. (soc-i-us) Fel-
lowship, assdciation, scciety ; a
leaijue, an alliance.

so ius, ii, ra. A partner, com-
panion; ally, con ed^rate.

sodal's, is, com. gen. 4. boon
coinpaniim.

solfeo (2), solitiis sum, n. semi-dep.
To he iDont, tie accustom d.

Eol-it{ido, inis, f. (sol-us) Lnneli-
ness, solitude; adesert. wilderiiess.

s61-um, adv. (sol-iis) Alune, unly.

somnns, i, m. Sleep, slumber.

specul-or (1), dep. a. and n.
(specula, a ivateh-touer) To watch,
observe, explore.

sise-s, spei, f., gen., dat, and abl.
pi. not found in KC'od writers (.for
sper-s, fr. s; er-o) Hope.

sp"r-itus, iii, m. (sp.r-o) A breath-
ing ; a breath.

sp jn-te, abl., and spontis, gen. of
the noun spons f. (for spond-te, fr.
spond-eo, to / ledye) Oj one's own
ace ■/■'/, ivillinijly.

sta-tor, or.s, m. A supporter,
stayer.

statu-o '3), ui, Btum, a. (status)
To put, place ; to necide, determine.

sta tiis, us, m. (.sto) Condition,
si tuition, sia'e.

stirps, stirpis, f. A stock, stem;
source, origin.

sto (1), steti, statum, n. To stand.

st ideo (2), ui, no sup., n. and a.
V'o be eajcr; to pursue, be devoted
to.

st'id-ium, ii, n. (stud-eo) As-
sidnily. zeal.

st Ions, a, um, adj. Foolish,
siin/jle.

stiiprvim, i (u long or short), n.
Debauchery, leudne.^(S.

Buade.) (2 , si^as , suasum, n. ana
a. To advise, recommend.

sub- ell-iiim, ii, n. (sub; sell-a)
A bench, judre's seat.

SUI, sib , se or sese. pron. reflex.
0' himself, herself, itself, or them-
selves, ■ *

sum, esse, fui, no sup., n. irr. To
be, exist,

summi s, a, um, sup. adj. (supe-
riis) The hiihist, greatest, very
great ; the most important ; the top
of, the summit of.

saper-ior ius, comp. adj. (super)
Higher ; earlier, former.

supplic-i im, li, n. (supplic-o) A
humtde petition ; punishment.

sus-cipio (3), lepi, ceptain, a. To
undertake.

suspec-tus, a, um, part, (siis-
pic-io, through true-root siispec)
Mistrusted, su.tpected.

su-spicio (3), s.uexi, spe'tu'.n, a.
and n. (s ib; specie, to look) To look
at from under; to mistrust, suspect.

68

VOCABULARY.

saspic-io, onis, f. (suspic-or) Mis-
trust, suspicion.

suspic-or (1), dep. (3uspic-:o) To
mspect.

suspitio : see suspicio.

sus-t neo (2), tinui, tenturn, a.
'J'o suppt/rt, sustain.

su-us, a, uni, poss. pron. (su-i)
0 or belongini to him.ie.l , herself,
it.'ie!/, or themselves ; his own, her
own, its own, their own.

tabula, SB, f. A board; a writing-
tablet.

taceo (2), ui, itum, n. To be silent.

taciturn-itas, atis, f. (taciturnus,
quiet) Silence.

tac-itus, a, urn, adj. (taceo)
Silent.

tse-ter, tra, trum, adj. (for taed-
ter, fr. tifid-et) Foul, shameful,
disgraceful.

tam, adv. So, so far, so very, so
much.

tarnen. adv. Nevertheless, how-
ever, still.

tam-etsi, conj. (contracted fr.
tamen etsi) Allho njh, thou/h.

tan-dem, adv. (tain) Atlen'jth;
in questions, pray.

tam-qiiam, adv. (tarn ; quam) As
much as ; just as, like as, as if, as
it we'e.

tantus, a, um, adj. So great, so
lariie, so many.

tec-turn, 1, n. (for teg-tam, fr.
teg-o) A roo', house.

teluti, i, n. A spear ; weapon.

te npes-tas, atis, f. (for tempor-
tas, fr. tempiis) A snare of time:
a time ; loeathi'r (both good and
bad), hence a storm, temrn'St.

templum, i, n. A temple, shrine.

te np-to (1\ a. intens. also writ-
ten ten-to, fr ten eo) To handle. :
to try; to try the strength of; to
attack.

tennp s, oris, n. A portion o>
time. ; a time ; a critical moment,
circumstnnces.

tenebrap!, arum, f. pi. Darkness.

teneo (2i, tenui, tentum, a. To
hold, keep, have, guard.

terra, te, f. the earth, land;
orbis terrarnm, the world ; country.

titneo (2), ui, no sup., a. and n.
1 0 fear.

tim-o^ oris, m. Fear.

tollo (3). sustuli, sublatum, a.
To lift up; to destroy, lake away.

tofc, num. adj. indecl. So many.

tot-ies (iens), num. adv. (tot) So
often, so many times.

totu-!, a, um, adj. All, all the;
the whole ; in adverbial force, alto-
' ether, whi'Uy.

trans-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a.
To bear across ; to transport, trans-
fer.

tribunal, alis, n. (tribunus) .-1
jud'/me t-seat, tribunal.

tr b-unus, i, m. (trib-as) A
tribune.

tru-cido (1), a. (for truc-csedo, fr.
truK [saw (.<7(^] ; csed ) To slaughter.

tu, tui, pars. pron. Thou, you
(sing).

turn, adv. Then, at that time.

1 1 mult us, us, m. Disturbance,
tumult.

turp-itudo, inis, f. (turpis) Base-
ness, infamy.

tii-tus, a, um, (t .-eor) Safe,
secure.

tu-us, a UTi, piss. pron. (tn)
Thy, thine, your, yiurs.

U.

ubi, adv. (.akin to qui) Where ;
when; ubi nam, where, pray?

ul-lus, a, um. adj. dim. (for un-
lus, fr. unus) Any, anyone.

umqiiam : see nnq lam.

una, adv. (adverbial abl. of unus)
At the same time, in company, to-
gether.

VOCABULAKV,

5"^

und-i-que, adv. indef. (for und-e ;
(i); que) From all parts, on all
sides.

lin-i-versus, a, um, adj. (unus;
[i]; versus, turned into one) All
together, whole.

un-quani (umquam) adv. (unum;
qnam) At any time, ever.

unus, a, uin, card. num. adj.
One ; only, alone.

inb-anus, a, um, adj. (urbs) Of
or helonQiny to the city or town;
city-.

urbs, urbis, f. A city; the city
(Rome).

u-s-que, adv. (akin to qui; que)
Even, as far as.

us-ur.i, se. f. (for nt-sura, fr. ut-or)
Use, enjoyment, interest.

ut or uti, adv. and f onj. In lohat
manner, how ; in the manner that,
as ; lohen ; as conj , that, in order
that, so that.

ut-ilis, 6, adj. (ut-or) (Tseful.

uti-nam, adv. 0 that, luould that-

uxor, oris, f. A wife, consort.

V,

vacii-e-facio (3), feci, factum, a.
(vacu-us; (e) ; facio) To make
ttnpty.

vagiua, f«, f. A scabbard, sheath.

valeo (2), ni, itum. n. To be
stroni ; to have strength.

vast-itas, atis, f. (vast-us) Devas-
tati n, ruin.

vast-o (1), a. To make empty, to
lay waste, devastate.

veh.eme"is, entis, adj. Very ea,'jer,
strong, powerful.

vehemen-ter, adv. (vehemens)
Eagerly, vehemently ; stron/ly.

vena, 8e t. Vein, artery,

veneror (1), dep. To worship, re-
vere.

venio (4), veni, veutuw, n. o
come; to come into.

ver-e, adv. (ver-us) Truly, really.

vereor (2), veritus sum, dep. To
reverence, respect ; to fear ; to ap-
prehend.

vero, adv. In truth, certainly;
but indeed.

vor-so (1), a. intens. (for vert-so ;
vert-o) In pass, witi reflexive force,
to turn one's self about (much in a
place), i.e. to dwell, live.

verum, conj. But.

verus, a, um, adj. True, real.

ves-ter, tra. tniin, pron. (for
vos-ter, fr. vos) Your, yours.

vetus, eris, adj. Old, of long
standing.

vexa-tio, onis, f. (vexo) Vexa-
tion, annoyance.

vexo (1), a. intens. (veho) To
annoy, harass.

vie esimus, a, um, ord. num. adj.
(contracted and chanffed fr. vigint-
esimus, fr. vigint-i) The twentieth.

vtde-licet, adv. (for videre-1 cet)
/* is permitted to one to see; it is
evident; oi course, forsooth.

video (2), vidi, visum, a. To see;
in pass., to be seen; to seem.

vigil-ia, £6, f. (vigil-o) A loatch-
in/, ivatch, guard ; a watch, i.e. the
time of keepini,' watcli by night
(among tlie Romans, a fourth part
of the night); the watch, i.e. (those
standing on guard) watchmen.

vigil-o (1), n. and a. (vigil, awake)
To watch.

vilis, e, adj. Cheap.

vinc-ulum, i, n. (vin"-io, that
which binds) A bond, fetter.

vindico (1), a. To lay le^ial claims
to; to demand; to avenge, revenge,
punish.

vir, viri, m. A man, a husband;
man of courage or distinction.

vireg, ium, pi. of vis.

60

VOCABTJLART.

vir-tus, utis, f. (vir) Manliness,
manhood; couraije ; worth, merit.

vis, VIS, £. Strength, loree.

v.'scus, eris, n. (mostly in pi.)
'. he inwanis ; the viscera.

vi-ta, se, f. (for viv-ta, fr. viv-o)
Life.

vitiura, ii, n. Fault, blemish,
error, crime, vice.

vito (1), a. To shun, avoid.

vivo (3), vixi, victuia, n. To
live.

viv-us, a, um, adj. (vIv-o) Aline.

vix, adv. With dijficultfi, hardly,
icarcily : vixduin, Kcarcely.

voco (1;, a. To call; summun.

volner-o (1), a. (volnus) To
wound.

volo, velle, volni, no sup., a. irr.
To will, wish, dt^sire.

voltus : see vultus.

voluntas, atis, f. (for volent-tas,
fr. volens) Will, wish, desire, in-
clination.

volup-tas, atis, f. (vol up, agree-
able) Envyment, pleasure, deli/ht.

vox, vocis, f (fo voc-s, fr. voi^^-o,
that wliich call.-! out) A voici' ; a
word; in pi., lamjuage, sayings,
words.

val-tus, us, m. (for vol-tus, fr.
vol-o) The eountenan6e; looks, as-
pect.

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